非稳态条件下人工湿地水流规律及其对水力停留时间的影响

由于降水的随机性,处理农业或城市径流的人工湿地通常在进水水量波动的非稳态条件下工作.为研究在非稳态条件下人工湿地的水流规律,在基于时间轴的多点示踪剂试验的基础上,利用RTD(水力停留时间分布)探讨了单峰和双峰两种水力冲击非稳态条件下水平潜流人工湿地中的水流规律.结果表明,非稳态过程的水量变化对不同时刻流入人工湿地的液体的RTD影响明显.用基于出水流量的非线性无量纲时间变量(φ)对原始RTD进行归一化处理,所得的RTD浓度曲线[C'(φ)]在整个非稳态过程中相对稳定,具有相似的倾斜度、峰值时间(单峰冲击下为0.83~1.00,双峰冲击下为0.87~1.08)、重心位置(单峰冲击下为1.08~1.25,双峰冲击下为1.05~1.25)及相关统计学参数,表现出一种独立于流量变化之外的相对稳定的特征水流规律.与稳态基流量下的t_mean(平均停留时间)相比,水力冲击使人工湿地t_mean呈冲击前持续缩短、冲击后又快速回升的趋势(单峰、双峰冲击下最大值与最小值相差分别约为30和32 h);而t_mean'(归一化平均停留时间)在非稳态过程中却相对稳定(单峰、双峰冲击下最大值与最小值相差分别约为0.15和0.20),适合作为非稳态下表征人工湿地水流规律和停留时间的特征参数.研究显示,归一化RTD易于模拟,可用其描述非稳态下人工湿地的水流规律以及水流规律对污染物接触反应时间的影响.      

四川盆地一次污染过程的WRF模式参数化方案最优配置

精准的气象场是空气质量模型的基础,本文对中尺度气象模式WRF(The Weather Research and Forecasting)中微物理过程方案、陆面过程方案、行星边界层方案以及积云参数化方案进行组合,设计了24组参数化方案,对2014年5月初四川盆地内一次空气重污染过程中的气象场进行了模拟,将模拟输出的10 m风速、2 m温度、2 m相对湿度、水汽混合比廓线及位温廓线与研究区内14个气象站及1个探空站的实测数据进行对比.结果表明,Mellor-Yamada-Janjic(MYJ)边界层方案能更好的模拟出盆地内风速的变化趋势,而Yonsei University(YSU)边界层方案模拟的2 m相对湿度效果更优.第16组参数化方案(由WRF Single-Moment 3-class(WSM3)方案,热扩散(SLAB)方案、Mellor-Yamada-Janjic(MYJ)方案及Grell-Devenyi(GD)方案组合)能够较好地模拟盆地近地面风场的水平分布及风速的日变化规律,模拟的温度日变化规律更贴合实际情况,同时能够模拟出边界层内水汽混合比及位温的垂直分布特征,对边界层内逆温层和混合层的模拟也更加贴近实际,尽管该方案对2m相对湿度的模拟并不是最好,但基本能够模拟出四川盆地气象要素的变化特征,因此认为第16组参数化方案(WSM3,SLAB,MYJ及GD)适用于模拟此次重污染过程的气象场.     

洪水作用下汽车的起动流速研究

针对洪水作用下汽车的起动条件开展了一系列的研究:首先分析部分淹没状态下汽车的受力情况,结合滑动平衡的临界起动条件建立相关方程,导出了洪水中汽车起动流速公式;然后在室内水槽中对三款模型车进行了一系列的起动试验。试验结果表明:对于同一款模型车,平行于水流方向放置时,起动流速与水深的相关性较好;并且水深越大,起动流速越小。接着运用试验资料率定了起动流速公式中的相关参数。最后采用模型相似率及率定后的计算公式估算了原型车辆在不同水深下的起动流速,两种方法所得的结果较为接近,故预测结果较为可靠。     

Validation of the UK Met. Office’s name model against the ETEX dataset

The ETEX 1 data set has been used to assess the performance of the UK Met Office’s long-range dispersion model NAME. In terms of emergency response modelling the model performed well, successfully predicting the overall spread and timing of the plume across Europe. However, in common with most other models, NAME overpredicted the observed concentrations. This is in contrast with other NAME validation studies which indicate either no significant bias or a tendency to underpredict concentrations. This suggests the reasons for overpredicting are specific to the ETEX situation. Explanations include inadequate vertical diffusion or transport, possible venting by convective activity, and experimental errors. An assessment of a range of advection schemes of varying complexity indicated no clear advantage, at present, in using more sophisticated random walk techniques at long range, a simple diffusion coefficient based scheme providing some of the best results. A brief look is also taken at a simulation of the more problematical ETEX 2 release.     

Valuation of small and multiple health risks: A critical analysis of SP data applied to food and water safety

This study elicits individual risk preferences in the context of an infectious disease using choice experiments. A main objective is to examine scope sensitivity using a novel approach. Our results suggest that the value of a mortality risk reduction (VSL) is highly sensitive to the survey design. Our results cast doubt on the standard scope sensitivity tests in choice experiments, but also on the validity and reliability of VSL estimates based on stated-preference studies in general. This is important due to the large empirical literature on non-market evaluation and the elicited values’ central role in policy making.     

Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Pcbs) Pollution in Sea of Japan

Deep waters of the Sea of Japan and surface waters of the Pacific Coast of Honshu and the northeast Sea of Japan were analysed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) pollution. the ΣPCB concentrations in solution in the Sea of Japan (50-3000 m) were between 140 and 1230 fg dm_-3. the space-integrated surface water concentration near the Pacific coast of northern Honshu was 140 fg dm_-3and for the surface water of the Sea of Japan was 230 fg dm_-3. Based on these analyses four water masses were deduced in the Sea of Japan during the summer months. It is shown for the first time in the Sea of Japan that polychlorinated biphenyls are excellent chemical indicators of not only the anthropogenic pollution, but also water masses.     

辽东湾地区~(137)Cs大气沉降研究

利用137Cs示踪技术的前提条件是了解137Cs的大气沉降历史,从而准确求算区域环境中137Cs的背景值.本文利用日本秋田、东京及新泻地区137Cs年沉降数据,并结合相应的降水数据进行修正,对辽东湾地区137Cs的大气沉降进行了定量研究.结果表明,辽东湾地区137Cs的大气沉降趋势与北半球基本一致;1957—2008年辽东湾地区137Cs大气总沉降通量的模拟结果为1536 Bq·m-2(衰变校正至2009年),与该地区土壤中137Cs背景值较为接近;20世纪50年代末60年代初频繁的大气核试验和1986年的切尔诺贝利核事故是1963年和1986年两个137Cs沉降峰值产生的原因;1990年以后,沉降在地表的137Cs在风力侵蚀作用下,发生再悬浮,使得大气中137Cs沉降通量再次出现量级变化明显.福岛核事故产生的核素沉降对研究区的137Cs沉降通量的影响并不明显.     

生物活性炭吸附石化废水有机污染物实验研究

生物活性炭吸附石化二级废水有机污染物实验主要包括生物活性炭挂膜实验和生物活性碳影响因素实验。在实验中考察了水力负荷和活性炭滤层厚度两因素对有机污染物吸附作用。结果表明:在45 d左右挂膜基本成功,最佳水力负荷为0.25~0.75m3/(m2·h),活性炭滤层最佳厚度为90cm。     

An application of economic choice experiments to a traditional land use—deer hunting and landscape change in the Scottish Highlands

Stalking (deer hunting) is an important land use and activity in the Scottish Highlands, and deer managers have traditionally maintained large numbers of female deer in order to supply a guaranteed number of stags for stalking. Unfortunately, grazing by large numbers of deer conflicts with environmental objectives that are seeking to improve upland habitats and increase the area of native Caledonian Pine forest. This study uses a multi-attribute choice experimental approach to quantify the various characteristics of the stalking experience to determine the value that amateur stalkers attach to the stag numbers, the landscape and other attibutes. Unlike previous applications of stated preference, a large proportion (one-third) of a full factorial design is used to present stalkers with different alternative stalking packages within a postal survey. The results indicate a way forward that could be agreeable to both deer managers and conservationists.     

Stretching “smart”: advancing health and well-being through the smart city agenda

ABSTRACT

Contemporary smart cities have largely mirrored the sustainable development agenda by embracing an ecological modernisation approach to urban development. There is a strong focus on stimulating economic activity and environmental protection with little emphasis on social equity and the human experience. The health and well-being agenda has potential to shift the focus of smart cities to centre on social aims. Through the systematic and widespread application of technologies such as wearable health monitors, the creation of open data platforms for health parameters, and the development of virtual communication between patients and health professionals, the smart city can serve as a means to improve the lives of urban residents. In this article, we present a case study of smart health in Kashiwanoha Smart City in Japan. We explore how the pursuit of greater health and well-being has stretched smart city activities beyond technological innovation to directly impact resident lifestyles and become more socially relevant. Smart health strategies examined include a combination of experiments in monitoring and visualisation, education through information provision, and enticement for behavioural change. Findings suggest that smart cities have great potential to be designed and executed to tackle social problems and realise more sustainable, equitable and liveable cities.