水工学的发展趋势——从传统水工学到生态水工学

我国水资源时空分布不均，水污染与水土流失问题突出，仅靠传统水工学的开发与利用不足以解决这些问题，且会给流域生态环境带来不利影响，因此传统水工学的变革是必然的。从解决问题的基本思路出发，将传统水工学与生态水工学的基本理论、研究范围等各方面加以比较，指出在坚持人与自然和谐共处的前提下，坚持可持续发展，遵循生态系统自组织、自修复原理，重视流域整体性，坚持保护生物多样性，并做到较好的亲水性，可以形成完善的生态水工学基本原理。以生态水工学基本原理指导流域开发利用将会取得较好效果，同时,流域生态系统健康诊断、生态水工建筑物设计与管理以及流域受损生态系统的生态恢复与重建应是生态水工学的主要研究方向。     

基于文献计量分析的多孔碳吸附研究进展

为深入了解多孔碳在吸附领域研究的现状和前沿动态,以Web of Science （WoS）中Science Citation Index Expanded （SCI-E）引文数据库和CNKI数据库为数据源,使用Bibliometrix、Bibliometric平台和VOSviewer软件等对相关文献进行定量分析.结果表明,1997~2021年共发表SCI文献3566篇,文章数量总体呈逐年递增的趋势,近5a发文量上升速度较快,中国学术期刊共发表183篇文献;中国的发文总量及独立发文量均位居榜首,总量达1653篇,但平均被引频次相对较低;领域内主要研究力量分布在中国、美国、印度等地,且具有较大学术影响力的各作者间合作频繁.2010年至今温室气体中CO₂排放与多孔碳吸附议题之间有着十分紧密的学术联系,CO₂捕集将是碳中和课题下的一个持续研究热点.此外,开发和应用廉价、绿色、可持续的生物质资源制备性能优异的多孔碳材料是未来碳材料领域的持续目标之一,对于吸附机理的深入研究也将成为未来发展的方向之一.     

AP9/AE9/SPM辐射环境模型研究

对辐射环境模型AP9/AE9/SPM进行了系统研究,重点分析了AP9/AE9/SPM辐射环境模型的发展历程、建模数据、模型能力、模型使用方法、模型特点和局限性以及发展趋势。总结了AP9/AE9/SPM辐射环境模型“螺旋式上升”研发途径中所发布的11个版本的特点、数据覆盖时间范围和能量范围。指出AP9/AE9/SPM辐射环境模型在研发过程中是通过不断地将最新的观测数据和理论知识进行整合,达到扩展模型能量覆盖范围、增加空间粒子分布的目的。最新的AP9/AE9/SPM辐射环境模型具备了命令行和图形用户接口应用程序2种灵活便捷的使用方式,能覆盖完整的辐射带空间,基本实现了电子和质子能量范围的全覆盖。但目前最新版本的AP9/AE9/SPM仍然存在一些局限,这些局限会随着辐射带探测数据的积累和人类对辐射带机理的进一步认知而逐渐得到改善。该研究可帮助用户快速了解并正确使用AP9/AE9/SPM辐射环境模型,为我国自主辐射环境模型研发提供重要参考。     

水资源管理模式发展趋势探析

随着工业进步和社会发展,水污染亦日趋严重,已对人类的生存安全构成重大威胁,成为人类健康、经济和社会可持续发展的重大障碍。水安全与水资源管理是全球战略问题,如何进行水资源管理和研究也是当今社会面临的难题。本文就水资源管理模式发展趋势进行阐述。     

精对苯二甲酸生产企业挥发性有机物泄漏检测与排放估算

采用泄漏检测与修复(LDAR)技术分析了某精对苯二甲酸生产装置动静密封点的泄漏情况,共完成1 367个密封点的现场LDAR检测,测出28个泄漏点,总泄漏检出率为2.05%。其中储存单元的泄漏点数量较氧化单元和精制单元高,泄漏程度也较严重。泄漏点主要集中在法兰、开口管线和泵三类密封点;涉及轻液的泄漏密封点数量较多。依据LDAR检测结果,采用相关方程法估算设备动静密封点泄漏产生的挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放量约为4.999 t/a。法兰的VOCs泄漏排放量最大,约占63.89%,其次是泵和采样连接系统,占泄漏排放量的20.78%和7.89%。     

Aptamers are an innovative and promising tool for phytoplankton taxonomy and biodiversity research

Nucleic acid aptamers are small-size ligands that selectively bind to molecular segments even when they protrude from cell surfaces. Due to their high specificity, aptamers are widely used in biomedical research and as probes for different applications. Here, we tested whether aptamers can also discriminate among phytoplankton cells. As a proof of concept we focused on the widespread centric diatom Leptocylindrus danicus and generated two aptamers that selectively bind to its cell surface. The aptamers did not bind to other diatoms tested, which included both pennate (Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata) and centric (Skeletonema marinoi, Chaetoceros socialis) species. They also showed negative binding to closely related species (Tenuicylindrus belgicus, Leptocylindrus aporus, Leptocylindrus convexus), which are hardly recognizable with microscopy techniques. In addition, aptamers discriminated also among cells of the same clone, suggesting a potential use of aptamers as clone-specific/stage-specific probes to track phytoplankton life stages in their natural environment. While the method still needs to be tested with natural algal samples, it can complement in a unique way the existing approaches to discriminate among species and possibly life stages of marine phytoplankton. The method can find useful application in taxonomic and ecological studies as well as in environmental monitoring including early warning strategies.     

南四湖及入出湖河流水环境质量变化趋势分析

南四湖作为南水北调东线工程重要的输水通道和调蓄湖泊,其水质状况一直受到人们的广泛关注. 根据南四湖流域主要入出湖河流14个监控断面及湖内5个监测站点的数据,从年际、年内、不同时间段和不同监测站点等进行了南四湖及河流水质变化趋势的综合分析. 结果表明,2007与2000年相比,南四湖入出湖河流监控断面的ρ（COD_Cr）总体下降率达到84.2%,ρ（NH₃-N）总体下降率达到79.7%. 南四湖及河流水质总体上出现了大幅度的改善,但距离稳定达到调水水质Ⅲ类标准的要求还有较大差距. 受水文情势、底泥释放和污染源以及各项污染控制措施等因素的影响,南四湖及入出湖河流监控断面水质改善存在一定的波动现象,水体富营养化形势严峻. 提出了科学合理地计算与分配南四湖养殖承载力和流域水环境承载力,重视非点源的控制与治理,大力推进“退耕还湿、退渔还湖”策略,是当务之急.      

Impact of drought on the ecological and chemical status of surface water and on the content of arsenic and fluoride pollutants of groundwater in the province of Salamanca (Western Spain)

The impact of drought on the ecological and chemical status of surface and groundwaters of the River Tormes (River Duero basin, northwestern Iberian Peninsula) was studied to evaluate the evolution of the quality of the river during its passage through the city of Salamanca (Spain). The Water Quality Index (WQI) of the river revealed that the drought period of 2005 did not significantly affect water chemical quality. However, during the study period differences were found in surface water ecological quality, using phytoplankton quality as AN indicator. These differences may be accentuated as a result of regulation of the River Tormes by the Santa Teresa reservoir. Arsenic and fluoride concentrations were measured in water wells, finding higher arsenic concentrations after the drought period and no correlation between the arsenic and fluoride contents. The results are useful for an overall understanding of potential impact of climate change on the ecological and chemical status of water in regional systems.     

Multi-temporal land use and cover changing analysis: the environmental impact in Mediterranean area

ABSTRACT

Human activity shapes the levels of anthropogenic pressure that depend on the land management method adopted. This has a fundamental role in the transformation of traditional landscapes. This study focuses on a representative region of the Mediterranean area with the objective to analyse the landscape’s dynamics, to detect the spatial arrangement of class patches, to identify the main agroecosystem characters and to provide a framework to assess ecosystems services. In order to assess land use/land cover changes and landscape persistence, the period between 1960 and 2012 was analysed, taking into consideration the years 1960, 2000 and 2012 using comparable land use maps. Land use and land cover analysis show an urban area growth of 24% during 2000–2012 and of 523% over between 1960 and 2012. The very high levels of land abandonment up to the year 2000 (+7216%) have reversed their trend between 2000 and 2012 (?95%). The orchards showed a relevant increase, particularly after 2000, while the vineyards were linked to the highest value of surface erosion (?74%). The outcomes showed that urban settlements can damage the ecological network with negative effects on the landscape’s environmental sustainability in proximity of significant urban centres. Instead, the ecological network is well preserved and highly associated to the agricultural areas when there is the persistence of many land uses and low urban density, despite the presence of dynamic changes.