基于多中心与区域共生的长三角地区协调发展研究

多中心城市经济族群式发展是区域发展的重要模式,也是未来区域经济发展的中心与财富积累与增长中心.在全球化与区域一体化驱动下,以城市为核心的多中心经济板块间的联系与关联性越来越明显.长三角作为中国区域经济发展的重要区域,城市经济多中心化与模块化成为其重要表现载体,如何实现多中心的互动、关联与协调发展成为长三角未来综合竞争力提升的重要内容,也是推动长三角持续发展的重要因子.多中心共生作为多中心间新的关联形式,有利于探索区域协调发展的新思路与新模式.利用城市经济能级、城市经济关联、城市流强度与城市外向功能指数等对长三角16个城市进行定.比较分析了长三角城市经济运行态势,并在诊断性分析的基础上,提出了长三角城市经济发展的多中心协同共生、创新发展与集群式发展、新型城市化道路等对策.     

Increasing the efficiency of solute leaching: impacts of flow interruption with drainage of the “preferential flow paths”

Most soils contain preferential flow paths that can impact on solute mobility. Solutes can move rapidly down the preferential flow paths with high pore-water velocities, but can be held in the less permeable region of the soil matrix with low pore-water velocities, thereby reducing the efficiency of leaching. In this study, we conducted leaching experiments with interruption of the flow and drainage of the main flow paths to assess the efficiency of this type of leaching. We compared our experimental results to a simple analytical model, which predicts the influence of the variations in concentration gradients within a single spherical aggregate (SSA) surrounded by preferential flow paths on leaching. We used large (length: 300 mm, diameter: 216 mm) undisturbed field soil cores from two contrasting soil types. To carry out intermittent leaching experiments, the field soil cores were first saturated with tracer solution (CaBr₂), and background solution (CaCl₂) was applied to mimic a leaching event. The cores were then drained at 25- to 30-cm suction to empty the main flow paths to mimic a dry period during which solutes could redistribute within the undrained region. We also conducted continuous leaching experiments to assess the impact of the dry periods on the efficiency of leaching. The flow interruptions with drainage enhanced leaching by 10–20% for our soils, which was consistent with the model's prediction, given an optimised “equivalent aggregate radius” for each soil. This parameter quantifies the time scales that characterise diffusion within the undrained region of the soil, and allows us to calculate the duration of the leaching events and interruption periods that would lead to more efficient leaching. Application of these methodologies will aid development of strategies for improving management of chemicals in soils, needed in managing salts in soils, in improving fertiliser efficiency, and in reclaiming contaminated soils.     

Modeling of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a Copper Based Heat Sink Application

With the trend towards increasing the speed of processors in smaller sized of computers, there has been considerable interest in heat sink technologies with higher levels of performance and further miniaturization. This work addresses the fundamental heat transfer augmentation question of how to design a copper-based heat sink, when the overall dimensions of the bottom plate or fan are specified. A three-dimensional finite-volume model has been developed and applied to investigate flow and conjugate heat transfer in the copper-based heat sink. The model was produced with the commercial program FLUENT, which allows this nonlinear, highly turbulent problem to be simulated using the k-ε turbulence model. The theoretical model developed is validated by comparing the model predictions with available experimental data. The thermal performance and temperature distribution for the heat sink were analyzed and a procedure for optimizing the geometrical design parameters based on less space occupation and more efficient heat transfer coefficient is presented. Several design examples with different types of cooling methods and manufacturing processes have been analyzed. The reliability and effectiveness in heat spreading of those has been compared. It has been shown that the copper-based heat sink with louvered fins (case No.3) has an optimum design configuration.     

ANALYSIS OF STREAMFLOW TRENDS AND THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE IN PENNSYLVANIA, 1971 TO 20011

An understanding of temporal trends in total stream‐flow (TSF), base flow (BF), and storm runoff (RO) can help in the development of water management plans for watersheds and local communities. In this study, 47 streams across Pennsylvania that were unregulated and unaffected by karst environments or coal mining were studied for flow trends and their relationships to selected climate parameters for the period 1971 to 2001. LOWESS curves for annual flow showed that almost all of the selected streams in Pennsylvania had downward trends in total TSF, BF, and RO. Using a seasonal Mann‐Kendall analysis, downward trends were significant at an α= 0.05 level for 68, percent 70 percent, and 62 percent of the streams and at an α= 0.10 level for another 19, 17, and 13 percent of the streams for TSF, BF, and RO, respectively. The ratio of BF to TSF (RBS) had significant upward trends for 34 percent of the streams at an α= 0.05 level and for another 9 percent of the streams at an α= 0.10 level, indicating that TSF decreased relative to BF for more than 40 percent of the streams during the previous 30 years. Downward trends in TSF, BF, and RO were most common for the months of June, July, and December. Trend analyses using monthly and annual total precipitation and mean temperature showed some association between climate and the streamflow trends, but Spearman's correlation and partial Mann‐Kendall analyses revealed that the trends in TSF, BF, and RO could not be explained by trends in precipitation and temperature alone, and thus urbanization and development may have played a role.     

新型汽封在超临界600MW机组的应用

介绍了一种新型汽封在国产600 MW机组节能改造中的应用。改造方案为将汽轮机组原通流部分及轴端的梳齿型汽封改为新型接触式密封齿＋蜂窝汽封＋铁素体齿的组合汽封,改造后漏汽量大幅减少,高、中、低压缸效率和机组运行的经济性明显提高,对同类型汽轮机通流部分节能改造具有较好的借鉴意义。     

STORM RUNOFF CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAZED WATERSHEDS IN EASTERN OREGON1

ABSTRACT: Rainfall and runoff data from 485 storms during the summers of 1979–84 were evaluated to characterize storm runoff volumes (SF) and peak flows (QP) for 13 small watersheds in the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon and to determine differences among grazing intensities and vegetation types. Storm hydrographs were separated by using watershed-specific baseflow rise rates of 0.002–0.013 cfsm/hr. Median SF and QP were 0.0014 in and 0.43 cfsm, respectively, for all storms. Total storm rainfall (PPT) and initial flow (QI) were important stepwise regression variables in accounting for the variation in SF and peak flow above initial flow (QPI); 30- and 60-mm rainfall intensities and rainfall duration were relatively unimportant. Two classes of vegetation were evaluated: (1) western larch-Douglas-fir (nine watersheds), and (2) other (four watersheds representing fir-spruce, lodgepole pine, mountain meadow, and ponderosa pine). Mean SF and QP did not differ (P=0.05) among vegetation classes but significant differences were apparent in the relation of SF to PPT and QI, and QPI to PPT and QI. As PPT and QI increased, SF and QPI from larch-Douglas-fir watersheds increased at a slower rate than they did from the other watersheds. Four levels of grazing intensity had no effect on storm runoff.     

基于LBM的风窗流场数值模拟与PIV实验研究

风窗流场分布规律对于粉尘、瓦斯、有毒有害气体运移规律以及风窗局部阻力计算具有一定的影响,而常用的CFD方法在模拟风窗后阶湍流流场这类问题上存在计算复杂度高的问题,针对此问题,结合格子玻尔兹曼(LBM)方法在流场模拟方面具有求解精度高、计算复杂度小的特点,采用多松弛格式的格子玻尔兹曼方法(MRT-LBM)对巷道风窗流场进行模拟研究。为验证格子玻尔兹曼方法对风窗流场模拟的有效性,利用粒子图像测速仪(PIV)对风窗流场分布规律进行实验验证研究。研究结果表明:LBM模拟风窗流场回流区长度为340 mm,风窗主流风速最高达19.1 m/s;PIV实验测试风窗流场回流区长度为320 mm,风窗主流风速最高达18.4 m/s,在相同模型条件下,LBM模拟结果与PIV实验测试结果基本保持一致。LBM与Fluent模拟进行对比,模拟精度、运行速度和操作便捷性要优于Fluent模拟。     

地铁恐怖袭击下乘客疏散交通方式调查研究

为科学地认识地铁恐怖袭击事件下乘客疏散方式决策行为,基于随机抽样调查,采集乘客疏散交通方式选择意向数据,揭示不同地铁恐怖袭击场景下乘客心理特征及疏散交通方式选择行为差异。结果表明:地铁恐怖袭击事件引发乘客恐慌,恐慌程度与性别、年龄、文化程度、月收入、是否接受恐袭安全教育和通勤距离6个因素显著相关;除常规的行程时间、出行费用等因素外,安全性是乘客进行疏散交通方式选择的首要因素;在恐怖袭击事件导致地铁网络重要站点关闭情况下,仍有部分乘客选择地铁作为疏散交通方式,且选择比例随出行距离增加而增加;恐怖袭击事件的攻击方式影响乘客疏散交通方式选择,爆炸恐怖袭击下地面公交客流分担率高于其他方式,而持刀伤人事件下地铁客流分担率最高。     

SKALAR连续流动分析仪测定地表水中的挥发酚

本文通过连续流动分析仪(荷兰SKALAR San++)对地表水中的挥发酚的测定,对校准曲线、加标回收率、相对误差、准确度和精确度等方面进行探究。实验结果表明在浓度范围为20~100 ug/L,挥发酚线性良好,相关系数为r=0.9998,样品加标回收率范围为93.0%~102.0%,当浓度为20.0,60.0 ug/L时,相对误差范围分别为-1.0%~5.5%,-2.3%~3.8%。得到连续流动分析法测定地表水中挥发酚结果是令人满意的,能满足大批量的环境样品快速分析。     

淮河干流生态流量问题分析及保障措施

生态流量对维系河流生态功能具有重要意义。本文通过计算淮河干流重要控制断面生态流量满足状况的基础上,分析淮河干流生态流量存在的问题,从建立生态流量监测系统、完善生态流量泄放设施、制定生态流量调度方案、严格河道外用水管控、加强机制建设等方面提出淮河干流生态流量保障措施,为淮河流域制定生态流量保障对策提供建议。