流动注射分光光度法测定废水中挥发酚

基于４－氨基安替比林显色原理,采用流动注射技术,建立了炼油废水中挥发酚的快速测定方法。分析速率为每小时４０个试样,线性范围为０．７５－２３．０ｍｇ／Ｌ。对１．５０ｍｇ／Ｌ苯酚标准溶液连续测定１０次,相对标准偏差为２．８％。对炼油废水样,本法测定结果与标准方法无显著性差异。     

Steady Shallow-Water Current and Solute Transport around a Semi-Conical Headland

Laboratory experiments have been carried out to investigate the effects of a sloping wall headland on the flow characteristics and the associated concentration distributions from a point source around the headland. A semi-conical headland with a slope of 1:2 was set up in a flow basin, 4.8 m long and 3.8 m wide. In this paper, the experimental results of a steady shallow-water current are reported. Three dimensional flow velocities in the basin were measured using Sontek-ADV instrument. The dye concentration levels in the basin were measured by two fluorometers. The experimental results showed a large-scale re-circulation region behind the semi-conical headland. The peak turbulence energy, at about 53% of the local kinetic flow energy, coincides with the region of high velocity gradient. Significant vertical flows were observed around the area near the downhill slope of the headland, with a maximum ratio of vertical to horizontal velocities being about 22%. Such relatively significant vertical scouring velocities, coupled with strong turbulence energy and high horizontal velocity gradients in the same region, could cause severe bed erosion. The experimental results have also been compared with the predicted results of a depth-averaged numerical model. The predicted eddy structure and the concentration distribution in the re-circulation area were found to compare favourably with the experimental results. However, the discrepancies in the flow velocities and the concentration levels near the headland were apparent. It was observed that the dye concentration continued to spread in the cross-stream direction after passing the headland, whereas only a limited extent of the lateral spreading was predicted by the numerical model further downstream of the headland.     

泥石流的运动机理和减阻

野外调查研究发现,存在着两种具有不同动力学特征和机理的泥石流,粘滞性泥石流和两相泥石流,粘滞性泥石流由卵石、沙和粘土构成,难以区分固相和液相,为典型的非牛顿体,具有间歇性流动,“铺床现象”,高达60％的减阻和显著超高等流动特点,粘滞性泥石流的阻力远小于流变参数所代表的阻力,传统的利用本构方程研究阻力的方法不能解决问题,研究表明,其30％的减阻是由于铺床作用,另外20％－30％,是由于流动混合物充气所致,两相泥石流主要由粗颗粒物质构成,两相之间有明显的相对流动,显示较大的阻力和发生“石街”现象。粘滞性泥石流沟谷的中值坡度为0．16,两相泥石流阻力大,因而河谷的平均坡度较大（0．19－0．27）。     

农村社区自然灾害应急演练方法的初步研究——以四川省广元市马口村自然灾害应急演练为例

通过对2009年11月12日在四川省广元市三堆镇马口村举行的自然灾害应急演练进行初步的分析研究,总结出了从前期准备、正式实施到演练评估的农村社区自然灾害应急演练基本流程和方法。在马口村自然灾害应急演练的前期准备阶段,根据当地实际情况选择了滑坡、泥石流为演练的自然灾害背景,制定了3级响应演练模式,并细化了各级响应的启动标准。在演练的正式实施阶段,采用了参与式的演练方案设计方法,充分调动了当地群众的积极性。演练结束后在现场发放调查问卷,对演练进行了多方面、多角度的评估,演练基本达到了预定目标。     

云南蒋家沟泥石流运动特征及其发展趋势

根据蒋家沟1965~2005年的泥石流运动观测资料与会泽气象站1965~2005年日降水资料,应用Hurst指数分析泥石流的运动要素,研究发现:泥石流年输沙量的Hurst指数为0.682时,年输沙量呈较强的正持续性,未来呈增长趋势;降雨量的Hurst指数0.605时,降雨量呈较弱的正持续性,未来呈较弱的增长趋势。同时,运用小波分析方法,发现泥石流输沙量具有多时间尺度周期的特征,主要表现为:第8、14和24年分别为其第1、2和3活动周期;结合小波方差图分析可知:在未来15 a以上,年输沙量将呈减少趋势,泥石流活跃程度弱;而15 a以内,未来将会保持较短时间的增加趋势,泥石流活跃程度强。综合以上分析可知:蒋家沟泥石流具有规模巨大,作用强烈,类型齐全等主要特征。     

江苏沿海地区经济联系及物流要素流量空间特征分析

随着经济一体化的发展,城市间经济联系日益加强,必然引起城市间物流需求联系的增加。借鉴引力模型在经济联系中的应用,分析了江苏沿海地区城市间经济联系强度。结果表明：城市间经济联系的强度随着空间距离的递增而递减;并以区域中心城市为中心,向外呈辐射状圈层构造,呈现3个层次结构;沿海中心城市对经济联系腹地间的竞争更加明显。立足运输地理学网络分析基本原理, 从客流、货流和信息流等流量,流向等空间属性进一步探讨城市间的经济联系特征,江苏沿海地区市际间货流量连云港 南通占主要地位;客流量连云港 南通一线最大;城市间信息传递不畅,信息流量较弱。针对城市间经济联系及物流要素流量的空间特征,提出了加强区域经济合作的策略与建议     

大型梯级水库对河流生态流量的影响——以金沙江下游梯级为例

大型梯级水库通常具有较大的调节库容,水库运行使坝下河道自然的流量过程受到较大扰动,一些具有重要生态意义的流量组的特征被改变,如洪水、高流量脉动、低流量和极端低流量。基于BRAIN等提出的河流生态流量影响研究理论,结合金沙江屏山断面的水文与河流生态的关系,选取水平年组对高流量脉动和极端低流量组的判别参数进行率定,确定自然条件下屏山断面生态流量组指标值。模拟金沙江下游梯级建成后的逐日流量过程,求得各生态流量组指标值并与自然条件下的指标值进行对比,分析金沙江下游“乌东德-白鹤滩-溪洛渡-向家坝”梯级水库建成后可能对屏山断面生态流量过程的影响。研究结果表明：建库后屏山断面将可能出现“极端低流量消失、低流量提高、高流量脉动散化、洪水基本保持”的变化特点.     

A review of rapid transport of pesticides from sloping farmland to surface waters:Processes and mitigation strategies

Pesticides applied to sloping farmland may lead to surface water contamination through rapid transport processes as influenced by the complex topography and high spatial variability of soil properties and land use in hilly or mountainous regions. However, the fate of pesticides applied to sloping farmland has not been sufficiently elucidated. This article reviews the current understanding of pesticide transport from sloping farmland to surface water. It examines overland flow and subsurface lateral flow in areas where surface soil is underlain by impervious subsoil or rocks and tile drains. It stresses the importance of quantifying and modeling the contributions of various pathways to rapid pesticide loss at catchment and regional scales. Such models could be used in scenario studies for evaluating the effectiveness of possible mitigation strategies such as constructing vegetated strips, depressions, wetlands and drainage ditches, and implementing good agricultural practices. Field monitoring studies should also be conducted to calibrate and validate the transport models as well as biophysical-economic models, to optimize mitigation measures in areas dominated by sloping farmland.     

Dust cloud evolution and flame propagation of organic dust deflagration under low wall influence

The present study discusses experiments on organic dust explosions in a setup with low wall influence. The proposed apparatus decouples the dust dispersion and the deflagration event in two separate compartments. The use of a continuous-wave laser to illuminate the centre plane of the observation chamber allows capturing both, the dust cloud and the flame during the same experiment and eliminates typical problems caused by the limited dynamic range of high-speed cameras. A k-means clustering method is used for image segmentation to obtain the spatial extent and the propagation velocities of the unreacted particle cloud and the flame zone. Spatially resolved velocities are calculated by the additional use of an optical flow method. The main goal of the presented setup and image processing method is to provide high quality validation data for the development of numerical models on dust deflagration.     

尾矿砂介质渗流过程诱发声发射信号特征试验研究

为了对渗流状态进行预测预报,从而预防渗透破坏事故的发生,基于地下水位上升、不同尾矿砂粒径以及渗流速度诱发的弹性波信号,采用声发射技术对尾矿砂介质的渗流状态进行监测.由800,1100,1400 mm 3种不同水头高度(流速)下的水流分别渗入0.1～0.25,0.25～0.5,0.5～1 mm以及混合粒径的尾矿砂介质中,...