水源水消毒副产物生成势与UV254/DOC的相关性研究

使用XAD-4和XAD-8树脂对宜兴3个水源原水中DOM进行亲疏水性分类,采用优化方法测定分类水样的DBPFP,并进行DBPFP与DOM量化指标之间的相关性分析,以确定实际生产过程DBPs生成量的主要影响因素.由三维荧光光谱图得到3个水源原水DOM组成差异较大,水质区别明显.由亲疏水性分类分析发现原水中疏水性和亲水性DOM含量较高,疏水性DOM水样的DBPFP大于原水,得到水样的DBPFP主要取决于DOM与消毒剂反应产生DBPs的效率,而不是DOM的量.引入UV_(254)/DOC这个指标,发现不同分类水样UV_(254)/DOC的差异情况与其DBPFP相吻合,对两者进行回归分析,发现水样THMFP和DHAAFP与UV_(254)/DOC之间存在明显的线性关系,线性可决系数R2分别为0.89和0.85.因此研究减小原水UV_(254)/DOC的技术工艺对于控制给水中DBPs浓度具有重要意义.     

NaClO、UV及UV/NaClO消毒过程中TCC的去除特性及遗传毒性

采用NaClO、UV和UV/NaClO复合消毒等方式研究了三氯卡班（TCC）在消毒过程中的去除特性,考察了3种消毒方式中TCC溶液的遗传毒性变化,鉴定了TCC的降解产物并探讨了其降解机制,以UV/NaClO复合消毒为研究对象,考察了NaClO投加量、TCC初始浓度、溶液pH值和腐殖酸（HA）等因素对TCC去除的影响.结果表明,3种消毒技术对TCC的去除效果依次为UV/NaClO、UV、NaClO.消毒处理不同程度增加了TCC溶液的遗传毒性.LC-MS鉴定出了8种TCC的降解产物,降解途径主要为脱氯、加氯以及·OH/O^·氧化.UV/NaClO复合消毒对TCC的去除率在97%以上;TCC的去除与其初始浓度呈负相关;TCC的去除率随pH值的增大先升高后降低;低浓度的腐殖酸（HA）对TCC的去除有促进作用,高浓度则相反.     

阿哈水库DOM的分离及其对消毒副产物的贡献

为研究高原喀斯特湖库DOM（dissolved organic matter,溶解性有机质）的组成及其化学特征对DBPs（disinfection by-products,消毒副产物）生成路径的影响,以西南喀斯特地区贵阳市阿哈水库的DOM为研究对象,结合XAD大孔树脂分离技术,通过化学表征〔包括UV-Vis（紫外-可见光光谱）、FTIR（红外光谱）和3D-EEM（三维荧光光谱）〕手段来研究各组分对C-DBPs（含碳消毒副产物）和N-DBPs（含氮消毒副产物）的生成贡献.不同组分芳香性的大小依次为HON（憎水中性物）> HIB（亲水碱）> HOA（憎水酸）> HIN（亲水中性物）≈HIA（亲水酸）> HOB（憎水碱）.憎水与亲水DOM的DBPs生成潜能相近.其中,HON最高,其次为HIB和HOA.HIB和HOA的主要卤代反应位分别来源于藻类有机物的蛋白质和富里酸,而HON的DBPs生成潜能的贡献主要为分子中的芳香和共轭不饱和结构.HIA和HIN的构成主要为脂肪烃,贡献较低的DBPs的生成潜能.对于C-DBPs,THMs和HAAs的生成潜能总体相近,不同组分的差异明显.对于N-DBPs,卤乙腈的生成潜能占80%以上,憎水DOM的贡献较高.DBPs的生成路径从UV-Vis、FTIR和3D-EEM的官能团和特征峰解析结果中均得到了较好的响应.      

典型气候环境中改性环氧树脂有机玻璃胶接性能变化规律研究

目的研究典型气候环境对两类有机玻璃胶接接头老化性能的影响。方法在重庆、青岛和拉萨三地开展两类有机玻璃胶接接头的户外自然暴露试验,研究其拉剪强度和剥离强度随老化时间的变化规律,分析气候环境因素对胶粘剂老化的作用机理,及胶接结构的老化失效模式。结果高温、高湿及紫外光辐射等气候环境因素是影响胶粘剂粘接性能的主要外在因素,其中高温高湿环境因子对其性能影响较大,而紫外光辐射引起的光降解速度并不像理论预测那样快,胶粘工艺是影响胶接接头性能的主要内在因素。结论优选出了耐候性较好,且适合航空有机玻璃和涤纶带粘接的胶粘剂,可为该胶接接头的防老化设计提供参考。     

饮水消毒剂对水中指示菌和病毒的灭活及消毒副产物生成的影响

实验室模拟和在东湖自来水厂现场比较研究了不同饮水消毒剂对水中指示菌、病毒的灭活和消毒副产物生成的影响 .结果显示 ,细菌对消毒剂的抵抗力比病毒低 .进一步研究表明 ,当病毒浓度为n(PFU)≈ 1× 10 5mL-1,能使脊髓灰质炎病毒 (PolioV)及大肠杆菌f2 噬菌体 (f2 )彻底灭活的各消毒剂最低浓度分别为 :有效氯 ρ(Cl) =16mg/L ,二氧化氯 ρ(ClO2 ) =8.0mg/L ,联合消毒剂 ρ(Cl+ClO2 ) =(5 .0 +5 .0 )mg/L ,臭氧 ρ(O3 ) =1.2 2mg/L ;有效氯 ρ(Cl) =8.5mg/L ,二氧化氯 ρ(ClO2 ) =5 .0mg/L ,联合消毒剂 ρ(Cl+ClO2 ) =(2 .5 +2 .5 )mg/L ,臭氧 ρ(O3 ) =0 .6 7mg/L .按以上阈浓度加氯消毒东湖源水 ,产生的CHCl3 大大高于其他消毒剂 .将水中有机抽提物进行Ames试验 ,结果显示 ,加氯消毒处理的水样致突变活性明显高于其他消毒剂处理的水样 .所获水样浓集物经GC/MS鉴定分析 ,共鉴定出 118种有机物 ,主要为多环芳烃、烷基苯、酞酸酯、烷基苯酚、醛、酮醇和烷烃类等 .主要成分酞酸酯类系美国环境保护署(EPA)确定的优先污染物 ,具有致突变、致癌、致畸作用 .表 6参 7     

二甲基硫醚的真空紫外光电子谱

本文测定了二甲基硫醚（ＤＭＳ）的真空紫外光电子能谱（ＵＰＳ），实验测得的ＤＭＳ的各Ｉｖ（ｃＶ）值与Ｋｉｍｕｒａ的结果一致。８．７９，１１．２９ｅＶ峰指认为硫原子孤对电子ｎｇ，ｎｓ的电子电离，１２．６２ｅＶ峰相应于σｃｓ价电子电离，１４．０３－１５．４２ｅＶ的四个峰相应于πＣＨ３－，πＣＨ３＋电子电离，紫外光辐照影响ＤＭＳ的ＵＰＳ，显示在πＣＨ３有变化。微波放电时ＤＭＳ的ＵＰＳ有明显的影响，有许多新     

Studies on reactions of ozone with alkenes

In the last years, a continuous increase of the O3 concentration has been recorded in the lower atmospheric layers. Photochemical reactions with NO(x), CO and organic compounds are the main sources of O3 in the troposphere. In this work, an attempt was made to determine the impact of alkenes on the O3 concentration in the troposphere. A study on the gas-phase reactions of 03 with 1-hexene, 1-heptene and 1-nonene was made. The reactions were carried out at room temperature under atmospheric pressure. Ozone was formed by the ultraviolet radiation emitted by a mercury lamp, in order to simulate the atmospheric conditions. The changes with time in the concentration of O3, 1-alkenes and formed aldehydes were investigated. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were done by means of the gas chromatography and colorimetry. The following products were identified: pentanal from 1-hexene; hexanal from 1-heptene; oktanal from 1-nonene. For each of the reactions, HCHO was also determined as a product. The reaction rate constants were calculated and obtained in units of 10(-17) cm(-3) molecule(-1) s(-1): 1.94-0.99 for 1-hexene, 5.54-4.51 for 1-heptene and 1.54-0.76 for 1-nonene. Based on the results obtained, an explanation of O3 concentration variations in the planetary boundary layer can be given. Last year a considerable increase of O3 concentration on the roads of Western Europe was recorded. This increase could have resulted from the decrease of alkene concentration in the air due to common use of the catalytic converters in cars. The unsaturated hydrocarbons rapidly oxidize on the catalyst. In Eastern Europe, where the amount of cars equipped with catalytic converters is smaller than in Western Europe, the alkene content in the exhaust fumes results in a decrease of the O3 concentration in the troposphere.     

垃圾堆肥高效纤维素分解菌的筛选与培育技术

从堆肥、马粪、果园土、污泥等20个样品中，分离筛选出3株对滤纸分解旺盛的纤维素分解菌：C1、C2、C3，并外购康氏木霉、白腐菌、变色栓菌一起作为出发株，经紫外诱变处理后，在含葡萄糖的产酶培养基平板上筛选到能形成较大透明圈的突变株，并进行CMC酶活、微晶纤维素酶活及天然粗纤维分解能力测定。实验结果证明白腐菌经紫外线照射60s诱变而得的C16不仅透明圈大，CMC酶活高（60.08U/mL）是出发株的2倍，而且其对天然粗纤维分解能力强，10d分解率达35％。     

Drinking water biotic safety of particles and bacteria attached to fines in activated carbon process

In this paper, the drinking water biotic safety of particles and bacteria attached to fines in activated carbon process was investigated by actual treatment process and advanced treatment pilot trial with granular activated carbon. In the experiment, the particles were detected by IBR particle calculating instrument, the activated carbon fines were counted on the basis of the most probable number (MPN) with a microscope, the total number of bacteria was analyzed between the conventional agar culture medium and the one with R2A, and the bacteria attached to activated carbon fines was resolved by the homogenization technique. The experimental results showed that the average total number of particles was 205 CNT/mL in the activated carbon effluent during a filter cycle, of which the number of particles with sizes > 2 μm was 77 CNT/mL more than the present particle control criterion of the American drinking water product standard (50 CNT/mL). The backwash of low density and long duration lowered particle number in the effluent. The MPN of activated carbon fines in the effluent was between 400 and 600 CNT/L, which accounted for less than 5‰ of the total particles from activated carbon filtration for a poor relative level (R ² = 0.34). The microorganisms in activated carbon effluent consisted mostly of heterotrophic bacillus and the total bacteria number was five times as high as that of the inflow, i.e. the effluent from sand filter. The actual bacteria number may be truly indicated by the detection technique with R2A culture medium compared with the traditional agar cultivation. The inactivation efficiency of bacteria attached to activated carbon fines was less than 40% under 1.1 mg/L of chlorine contacting for 40 min. Results showed that the particles and bacteria attached to activated carbon fines may influence drinking water biotic safety, and that the effective control measures need to be further investigated.     

Trihalomethane Formation Potential and Concentration Changes During Water Treatment at Mumbai (India)

The treated water at the outlet oftreatment plants and representative servicereservoirs of Mumbai city have been evaluatedfor trihalomethane formation potential in1995–1996. Chloroform, dichlorobromomethane,chlorodibromomethane and bromoform have beenmonitored during monsoon, winter and summer.The levels of chloroform are found above theregulated WHO guideline value of 200 g L^-1 in final water during postmonsoon atGhatkopar (226 g L^-1), Malbar (210.3 g L^-1) and Tulsi (231.26 g L^-1).