市政污水处理厂二级出水消毒前后对斑马鱼幼鱼的毒性

为了探究消毒副产物(DBPs)的氧化损伤和神经毒性作用,选择幼年斑马鱼作为模式生物,研究了市政污水处理厂二级出水和经次氯酸钠(NaClO)消毒后的二级出水对斑马鱼体内过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和乙酰胆碱酯酶(Ach E)活性的影响。结果表明,暴露时间达到10 d时,MDA含量显著高于对照,且消毒后MDA含量增幅(91.43%)显著高于消毒前(44.36%);暴露时间达到15 d时,CAT活性被显著抑制,且消毒后抑制率(40.22%)显著高于消毒前(15.56%);说明消毒后暴露组对斑马鱼的氧化损伤强于消毒前。另外,消毒前后污水对Ach E活性抑制率分别为38.49%和48.50%,说明消毒后污水对斑马鱼的神经毒性更大。因此,经NaClO消毒后的市政污水处理厂二级出水中DBPs对斑马鱼的抗氧化防御系统和神经系统具有潜在影响。     

紫外光-超声波协同降解苯酚水溶液的研究

有机酚类化合物造成的水体的污染,直接危害着人类的健康和生态环境,如何有效地处理环境水样中有机酚类化合物,是当今人们普遍关注的一个问题。以苯酚水溶液为研究对象,在紫外光和功率为150 W、40 kHz超声波的协同作用下,对苯酚的降解效率和降解规律进行了初步的研究,讨论了溶液的酸度、光辐射的时间、H2O2及Fe2 (FeSO4)等因素对苯酚溶液降解的影响,结果表明,单一超声波对苯酚的降解率很低,不超过6.5%。在紫外光一超声波协同辐射60 min,溶液的pH值为3-4,加入6%H2O2 4 mL,加入0.1 nmol·L-1Fe2 (FeSO4)1.6 mL,可达到91.8%的降解率。试验证明,利用紫外光-超声波协同照射是降解苯酚的一种有效方法。     

饮用水预氯化工艺潜在的健康风险及改进工艺的研究进展

本文分析了预氯化技术对饮用水安全性的影响,以及提高饮用水的安全性和改进常规预处理工艺的研究进展.预氯化因会增加消毒副产物的生成,其作用不断受到质疑.预臭氧氧化、预高锰酸钾氧化和预氯胺氧化工艺等都在不同程度上对消毒副产物生成起到抑制作用,逐步被用于强化常规工艺.     

重量法研究非离子表面活性剂对典型挥发性有机污染物的增溶作用

采用重量法研究了典型非离子表面活性剂（Tween-20、Tween-40、Tween-60、Tween-80）对以甲苯为代表的挥发性有机污染物（VOCs）的增溶作用.通过计算甲苯在初始和平衡状态的质量变化,确定甲苯在表面活性剂中的增溶量,比较了重量法与传统紫外分光光度法的测定结果,并计算分析4种表面活性剂增溶作用下甲苯...     

Effects of design parameters on performance and cost analysis of combined ultraviolet-biofilter systems treating gaseous chlorobenzene based on mathematical modeling

A conceptual mathematical model was used to evaluate the design parameters of a combined ultraviolet (UV)-biofilter system, and perform a cost analysis. Results showed that the UV light source strength and the gas residence times in the UV system (UVRT) and biofilter (EBRT) had positive effects on the overall chlorobenzene removal efficiency of the system. High ratio of UVRT to EBRT improved the removal efficiency, suggesting that the UV system has a greater effect on the overall performance of the system compared with the biofilter. Analysis of the capital and operating costs showed that the capital costs of the standalone biofilter system were much higher than those of the standalone UV system. However, the biofilter operating costs were lower than those of the UV system. The operating costs of the combined UV-biofilter system increased with increasing UVRT/EBRT ratio, whereas its capital costs decreased.     

Characterization of chlorine dioxide as disinfectant for the removal of low concentration microcystins

Microcystins, which represents one kind of cancerogenic organic compounds, is abundant in eutrophication water. The effects of reaction factors on chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) for removal of low-concentration Microcystin-LR, Microcystin-RR, and Microcystin-YR in water as well as the reaction mechanisms was investigated by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that MC-LR, MC-RR, and MC-YR could be efficiently decomposed by ClO₂. The degradation efficiency was shown positively correlated to the concentration of ClO₂ and reaction time; while the effect of reaction temperature and pH is slight. The kinetic constants and activation energies of the reaction of MC-LR, MC-RR, and MC-YR with ClO₂ are determined as 459.89, 583.15, 488.43 L·(mol·min)^-1 and 64.78, 53.01, 59.15 kJ·mol^-1, respectively. As indicated by high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS) analysis, degradation should be accomplished via destruction of Adda group by oxidation, with the formation of dihydroxy substituendums as end products. This study has provided a fundamental demonstration of ClO₂ serving as oxidizing disinfectant to eliminate microcystins from raw water source.     

珠江水质和含氮消毒副产物的时空变化

研究区域是珠江广东省段的3条干流(西江、北江、东江)及交汇处(广州),目标是研究分析2年内29个采样点的常规水质指标的时空变化及溶解性有机氮(dissolved organic nitrogen,DON)对于消毒副产物生成势(specific disinfection byproduct formation potential,SDBPFP)的影响.结果表明,对于常规水质指标浓度而言,在时间上,西江、北江、东江三者基本无变化,但交汇处有稍微的变化,一般在7、10月份浓度偏高;在空间上,各干流及交汇处沿径流方向浓度呈逐渐增大趋势,且交汇处水质指标的浓度普遍高于干流.水体的PO34-浓度、总氮(total nitrogen,TN)浓度最高分别超出《国家地表水环境质量》Ⅴ类水质标准10倍、4倍.溶解性有机碳(dissolved organic carbon,DOC)浓度与UV254呈良好的线性关系,R2=0.901;但DON与卤乙腈(halogenacetonitrile,HANs)浓度的线性关系较差,R2为0.440.卤乙腈生成势(specific halogen acetonitrile formationpotential,SHANFP)与DOC/DON比值基本无线性关系.     

13X载银分子筛在水处理中的实验研究

以分子筛为载体,AgNO3溶液为反应液,用真空热分解法制备载银分子筛。通过X射线衍射分析表征了样品的结构,对其抗菌性能和消毒效果进行了测定,并测定了处理水样中的银离子浓度。结果表明,负载于分子筛表面及微孔中的银的形式是纳米银,载银分子筛对大肠杆菌具有较强的抗菌性能。剂量为5 mg/100 mL的2.12%载银分子筛能完全杀灭实验菌水样中的大肠杆菌;尽管天然水样中存在杂质的影响,载银分子筛的杀灭率也可达98%以上,且处理过的水样中银离子浓度低于50μg/L。     

污水的光化学灭菌处理研究

以日光和中压汞灯为光源,以亚甲基兰为光敏剂,研究了南京市某污水样的灭菌处理和从灭菌水样中除去ＭＢ的方法,结果表明,光源,光强,光照时间,ＭＢ用量和溶解氧等因素对灭菌有显著影响,不加ＭＢ的水样经紫外光灭菌后,在日光下细菌呈现复活,当１Ｌ细菌总数为３．１×１０＾６个／ｍｌ的污水加入２ｍｇ ＭＢ,并在充气状态下以３００Ｗ中压汞灯光照４ｍｉｎ,其灭菌率达１００％,且无光复活,同样条件下日光的灭菌率则低很多     

紫外催化湿式氧化工艺降解油墨废水

为了解决传统催化湿式过氧化氢氧化技术需要高温高压等苛刻条件的问题,将紫外引入催化湿式氧化技术,得到可在常温常压条件下进行的紫外催化湿式氧化工艺(UV-CWOP)。以Cu2+为催化剂,采用该工艺处理油墨废水取得了良好的效果。通过单因素实验确定的最佳工艺条件为:pH值=3,H2O2用量为1.5倍理论量,CuSO4.5H2O投量2 g/L,初始温度40℃。在此条件下处理油墨废水3 h,COD可从9 500 mg/L降解到89 mg/L,出水达到国家《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级标准。