氯及氯胺灭活大肠杆菌的消毒动力学模型

分别研究了游离氯和一氯胺在pH7.0、20℃时对大肠杆菌的灭活作用,利用6种不同消毒动力学模型:Chick’slaw,Chick-Watson,Hom,Rational,Hom-Powerlaw,Selleckmodel对试验数据进行了拟合,通过对拟合结果的比较分析得出:在消毒剂符合一级衰减动力学情况下,游离氯和一氯胺灭活大肠杆菌的最佳拟合模型分别是3参数的Rational模型和2参数的Selleck模型.     

Removal of disinfection by-products formation potential by biologically intensified process

The removal of disinfection by-products formation potential(DBPFP) in artificially intensified biological activated carbon(IBAC) process which is developed on the basis of traditional ozone granular activated carbon was evaluated. By IBAC removals of 31% and 68% for THMFP and HAAFP were obtained respectively. Under identical conditions, the removals of the same substances were 4% and 32% respectively only by the granular activated carbon(GAC) process. Compared with GAC, the high removal rates of the two formed potential substances were due to the increasing of bioactivity of the media and the synergistic capabilities of biological degradation cooperating with activated carbon adsorption of organic compounds. A clear linear correlation ( R^2 = 0.9562 and R^2 = 0.9007) between DOC HAAFP removal rate and Empty Bed Contact Time(EBCT) of IBAC process was observed, while that between THMFP removal rate and EBCT of GAC was R^2 = 0.9782. In addition certain linear correlations between THMFP, HAAFP and UV254 ( R^2 = 0.855 and R^2 = 0.7702) were found for the treated water. For IBAC process there are also more advantages such as long backwashing cycle time, low backwashing intensity and prolonging activated carbon lifetime and so on.     

负载型TiO2/活性炭光催化灭活大肠杆菌(E.coli)的研究

以大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli JM 109)为研究对象,通过细菌的灭活实验研究负载型TiO2/活性炭(TiO2/AC)的灭菌性能,并利用XRD、BET和SEM对材料的晶型、晶粒尺寸、比表面积和吸附在材料上的细菌分布形态及数量进行分析.结果表明吸附在TiO2/AC上的大肠杆菌数比吸附在活性炭和TiO2都多.TiO2/AC对E.coli光催化灭活率比TiO2粉末和P25高,制备材料的热处理温度500℃和光催化反应中光强40 W都分别使TiO2/AC的光催化活性达到最大,在光催化灭活E.coti过程中,KH2PO4使催化剂活性降低程度比NaHCO3大,而两者使TiO2/AC催化活性降低程度比TiO2小,但NaHCO3对催化活性的影响是可逆的.     

折点加氯反应在次氯酸钠消毒中水中的应用

为研究中水消毒过程,对次氯酸钠消毒中水的折点加氯反应与消毒效果之间的关系进行研究。通过探讨加氯量位于折点曲线不同位置的消毒效果,分析接触时间和氨氮浓度的影响,得出了根据氨氮浓度确定的接触时间和加氯量公式。结果表明,氨氮浓度〈2 mg/L时,将加氯量控制在折点之后接触反应30 min,氨氮浓度〉2 mg/L时,将加氯量控制在峰点附近接触反应60 min均可实现中水消毒要求。     

A protocol for the evaluation of genotoxicity in bile of carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to lake water treated with different disinfectants

A sensitive and rapid method to evaluate toxic and genotoxic properties of drinking water supplied from Lake Trasimeno (Umbria, Central Italy) was worked out analysing bile in Cyprinus carpio exposed for 20 d to lake water treated with 3 different disinfectants, sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) and peracetic acid (PAA). Fish were sacrificed at 0, 10 and 20 d in order to investigate the time course of these endpoints. An aliquot of bile samples was fractionated by adsorption on C₁₈ silica cartridges and the genotoxic potential of whole bile and of bile fractions was evaluated by the single-cell microgel-electrophoresis (comet) assay on human colonic adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2). Bile (both whole and fractionated) from specimens exposed to the three disinfectants always showed a genotoxic activity as compared to the control group. The results of this study provide evidence that all three disinfectants cause an increase in bile genotoxicity of chronically exposed fish.     

印染行业热定型机油烟废气检测方法研究

建立了粘胶基活性炭纤维吸附-正己烷萃取-紫外分光光度法检测热定型机油烟废气的方法,以印染厂实际热定型机油烟废气萃取液为标准油烟,在230 nm处测吸光度,绘制标准曲线,相关系数为0.999 7.实验结果表明,正己烷1次萃取率超过了90%,紫外分光光度法标准偏差为0.344～0.693,相对标准偏差在5%内,平均加标回收率为93%～98%,方法检出限为0.829 mg/L.粘胶基活性炭纤维耐高温,对0～100 mg/L的热定型机油烟废气的饱和吸附量为1.0～2.5 g/g.用Langmuir、Freundlich和DR方程对实验吸附等温线进行了拟合,低油烟浓度时Langmuir方程拟合较好,高浓度油烟时DR方程拟合较好.     

负载TiO_2浮石对污水处理厂二沉池出水的矿化与灭菌研究

城市污水处理厂第二沉淀池出水的污染物浓度较低,经过矿化及灭菌等深度处理后可以同用,从而减轻对淡水资源的需求.本实验采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了负载TiO2的浮石光催化剂,对城市污水处理厂第二沉淀池出水进行了矿化及灭菌处理研究.采用低压汞灯对处理水样照射2 h,有机物降解率可以达到50%,灭菌效率达到100%.处理后的水可以作为农作物灌溉、城市绿化和娱乐用水.负载在浮石表面的TiO2薄膜经过10次的光催化循环实验后,没有明显破损,可以再次循环使用.TiO2浮石具有质轻、机械性能好和价格低等优点,该方法处理废水的适用浓度低,可以广泛应用于微污染水和城市污水处理厂出水的深度处理.     

负载TiO2浮石对污水处理厂二沉池出水的矿化与灭菌研究

城市污水处理厂第二沉淀池出水的污染物浓度较低,经过矿化及灭菌等深度处理后可以回用,从而减轻对淡水资源的需求。本实验采用溶胶凝胶法制备了负载TiO₂的浮石光催化剂,对城市污水处理厂第二沉淀池出水进行了矿化及灭菌处理研究。采用低压汞灯对处理水样照射2 h,有机物降解率可以达到50%,灭菌效率达到100%。处理后的水可以作为农作物灌溉、城市绿化和娱乐用水。负载在浮石表面的TiO2薄膜经过10次的光催化循环实验后,没有明显破损,可以再次循环使用。TiO₂浮石具有质轻、机械性能好和价格低等优点,该方法处理废水的适用浓度低,可以广泛应用于微污染水和城市污水处理厂出水的深度处理。     

再生水做景观用水使用含氯消毒剂消毒的副产物及安全性

再生水消毒后主要作为城市杂用水利用,消毒副产物及其毒性的研究非常重要.在浓度为 5～8 mg/L 的消毒剂(ClO2、HClO)量下,灭菌率能够达到 100%.2 种消毒体系均产生少量ClO2-、ClO3-和CHCl3,对检验用水生生物未产生毒性.适当的选择消毒剂浓度,控制反应条件,能够实现再生水的安全回用.     

Fenton氧化法处理石化含油废水生化出水

采用Fenton氧化法处理石化含油废水生化出水,通过正交实验和单因素实验优化了反应工艺条件。正交实验得到各因素对COD去除率的影响大小顺序为:溶液初始pHH_2O_2投加量n(H_2O_2)∶n(Fe~(2+))反应温度。实验最佳工艺条件为:初始溶液pH 4.0,H_2O_2投加量3.00 mL/L,n(H_2O_2)∶n(Fe~(2+))=10,反应温度35℃,反应时间60 min。在此最佳工艺条件下COD可降至60.33 mg/L,COD去除率达61.33%。在最佳工艺条件下,分别采用超声(US)-Fenton氧化和紫外光(UV)-Fenton氧化技术处理含油废水生化出水,COD去除率分别达76.77%和80.23%。但单一Fenton氧化、US-Fenton氧化和UV-Fenton氧化工艺对NH_3-N的去除效果均并不明显。