THE STABILITY IN WATER OF A NEW CHLORAMINE DISINFECTANT AS A FUNCTION OF pH,TEMPERATURE, AND WATER QUALITY1

The stabilities in water and dry storage of two solid-state disinfectants (3-chloro-4, 4-dimethyl-2-oxazolidinone, agent I, and calcium hypochlorite) have been compared under a variety of conditions. Variables in the study included pH, temperature, and water quality. Agent I is considerably more stable in dry storage and in water, especially at pH 4.5 and 7.0, than is calcium hypochlorite. This is true for solutions of the two compounds in sterile, distilled, deionized, demandfree water or in a synthetic water containing heavy organic load. Prior work in these laboratories concerning use of agent I as a disinfectant for lake water in a laboratory-scale treatment plant had suggested that agent I has considerable potential for use as an alternative to cholorine gas for water disinfection. The present work suggests that agent I is of sufficient stability to be of use as a solid-state disinfectant for swimming pools and for potable water for remote areas.     

A NOVEL CHLORAMINE COMPOUND FOR WATER DISINFECTION1

A new chloramine agent, 3-chloio-4, 4-dimethyl-2-oxazolidinone, has been tested in a laboratory scale water treatment plant as to its efficacy in water disinfection. The agent seems to be equally effective as compared to chlorine gas in this application. The results of preliminary toxicity studies on the agent are very encouraging. The agent has a long shelf life both in water solution and in the solid state. Being a solid, the agent is clearly less hazardous to handle than chlorine gas. The agent appears to inhibit oxidative corrosion of metals as well. The agent is less likely to produce toxic halocarbons (e.g., chloroform) in water than is chlorine gas. Possibly most important from the standpoint of water disinfection, the agent is a “slow release” one for its positive chlorine, which provides prolonged bactericidal activity.     

饮用水消毒副产物--卤乙酸的检测

卤乙酸是饮用水氯化消毒中一类主要的消毒副产物,由于存在的广泛性和潜在的健康危害,许多国家和卫生组织相继将其列为饮用水常规监测项目,而我国至今还没有相关规定;为了更好地控制饮用水中卤乙酸的形成,世界各国科研人员先后研究和开发出了性能逐趋完善的多种分析检测方法;本文在国内外文献调研的基础上,对卤乙酸的各种分析检测方法进行了简要的介绍,并指明了今后的发展方向.     

次氯酸钠对剑水蚤灭活动力学及紫外强化灭活

水源水体富营养化导致剑水蚤孳生,进入供水系统后威胁供水安全.为高效控制剑水蚤污染风险,通过适当增加NaClO灭活CT值（NaClO浓度与接触时间乘积）范围,系统研究了NaClO对剑水蚤灭活动力学过程,同时探讨了紫外照射对灭活效果的强化作用.结果表明：NaClO对剑水蚤的灭活动力学过程符合迟滞型两阶段准一级动力学过程,灭活反应活化能为3774J/mol;pH值对灭活动力学过程的影响,主要通过改变溶液中HOCl和ClO^-物质的量及其化学稳定性来实现.当灭活CT值超出70mg min/L时,中性条件下NaClO对剑水蚤的灭活效率最高,碱性次之,酸性最差;浊度物质会削弱NaClO对剑水蚤的灭活效果,浊度物质会迟滞NaClO从液相主体向剑水蚤体表边界层的传质过程,被剑水蚤体表吸附后也会阻碍NaClO向剑水蚤体内的渗透过程.紫外照射尽管无法实现对剑水蚤的灭活,但可以强化NaClO对剑水蚤的灭活效果,经紫外照射后,剑水蚤灭活迟滞期消失或缩短,同时灭活反应速率常数增加.当pH值为6、7和8时,紫外照射预处理后,各自灭活反应速率常数分别由0.0093、0.02185和0.0206提高至0.0105、0.02673和0.0286.     

能耗和水质因素对紫外LED灭活深海油田注水常见细菌的影响

为了探究紫外LED应用于深海油田注水消毒的可行性,通过静态实验考察了255、280、350 nm紫外线对腐生菌、铁细菌和硫酸盐还原菌的消毒能力,并结合光电转换效率考察各紫外LED的能耗差异;此外,考察了水质因素对紫外线透射率及紫外LED灭活异养菌效果的影响.结果表明,紫外LED的单位灭活率能耗受紫外线灭活速率常数和该波长紫外LED的光电转换效率共同影响,尽管255 nm紫外线对腐生菌、铁细菌和硫酸盐还原菌灭活速率常数最大,但280 nm紫外LED针对受试菌种的单位灭活率能耗最低;颗粒物和铁离子等水质因素主要通过影响紫外线透射率对消毒效果产生影响,当紫外线透射率较高时对消毒效果的影响不大;驱动电流相同时,280 nm紫外LED对高细菌负荷水样的消毒更有优势.     

紫外线-茶多酚联用对供水管网的消毒效果

针对传统消毒技术的安全风险问题,以维护供水管网水质安全为目标,引入茶多酚作为辅助消毒剂和紫外线消毒联用,模拟供水管网系统探究不同管材和水力停留时间下紫外线-茶多酚联合消毒的消毒效果,分析管壁生物膜形貌和菌落分布的变化.结果表明,75mg/L是紫外线-茶多酚联合消毒时茶多酚的较优投加量,可保持48h消毒效果.模拟管网运行过程中整体水质较好,但管材对管网消毒效果的影响较大,30d内球墨铸铁和UPVC管网中细菌量超过100CFU/mL的频率分别为80%和0%,紫外线-茶多酚联合消毒在UPVC管网中消毒持续性较强.与紫外线消毒相比,紫外线-茶多酚联合消毒对管壁生物膜的破坏效果更明显,且对生物膜中的蓝藻菌和肠道致病菌杀灭效果更强,有利于保障管网水质的安全性.     

合肥市典型入湖河流有机紫外吸收剂污染特征及生态风险

为了解合肥市注入巢湖的河流中有机紫外吸收剂污染情况,分析了入湖河流水和沉积物中12种有机紫外吸收剂的污染水平及其生态风险.结果表明,水中有机紫外吸收剂总含量为194~587 ng·L~(-1),均值为374 ng·L~(-1).二苯甲酮(BP)是最主要的有机紫外吸收剂类污染物,平均占紫外吸收剂总含量的50.7%.沉积物中有机紫外吸收剂总含量为9.39~178 ng·g-1,均值为50.5 ng·g-1,奥克立林(OC)、BP和2-(2'-羟基-5'-叔辛基苯基)苯并三唑(UV-329)为主要组成.污染来源分析表明,水和沉积物中有机紫外吸收剂主要来源于化妆品和工业品中使用的紫外线吸收剂的排放.基于评价因子法推导了预测无效应浓度(PNEC)值,利用风险商(RQ)法评价了11种有机紫外吸收剂的生态风险.水样中二苯甲酮-3(BP-3)对藻类存在中等风险,约半数的水样中胡莫柳酯(HMS)和OC对藻类也存在中等风险,50%的水样中4-甲氧基肉桂酸-2-乙基己酯(EHMC)对藻类存在低到中等风险,水样中水杨酸-2-乙基己基酯(EHS)对水生生物存在较低风险,BP对黑头呆鱼也存在较低风险,其它有机紫外吸收剂对水生生物基本不存在风险.沉积物中,BP-3、BP分别对藻类、黑头呆鱼存在较低风险;沉积物中9种log Kow5的有机紫外吸收剂均不存在潜在生态风险.     

三角孔多孔板水力空化杀灭原水中病原微生物

利用自主研发的新型三角孔多孔板水力空化装置对胜利河原水进行消毒处理,采用压力数据采集系统采集水力空化工作段压力、显微镜观察菌体形态变化、平板计数法计数菌落总数、酶底物法检测总大肠菌群和大肠埃希氏菌;研究了三角孔多孔板的水流空化数、孔口大小、孔口数量、孔口排列和原水浓度梯度对水力空化杀灭原水中病原微生物的影响.结果表明：选择适当的原水浓度、增大孔口数量、减小孔口大小以及改进孔口排列方式（如交错式）时,均可进一步提高原水中病原微生物杀灭率.菌群杀灭率在5min时可达到稳定高效杀灭值,15min时菌落总数杀灭率可达80%以上,总大肠菌群和大肠埃希氏菌杀灭率均可达90%以上,甚至完全杀灭.     

Formation of iodo-trihalomethanes, iodo-haloacetic acids, and haloacetaldehydes during chlorination and chloramination of iodine containing waters in laboratory controlled reactions

Iodine containing disinfection by-products (I-DBPs) and haloacetaldehydes (HALs) are emerging disinfection by-product (DBP) classes of concern. The former due to its increased potential toxicity and the latter because it was found to be the third most relevant DBP class in mass in a U.S. nationwide drinking water study. These DBP classes have been scarcely investigated, and this work was performed to further explore their formation in drinking water under chlorination and chloramination scenarios. In order to do this, iodo-trihalomethanes (I-THMs), iodo-haloacetic acids (I-HAAs) and selected HALs (mono-HALs and di-HALs species, including iodoacetaldehyde) were investigated in DBP mixtures generated after chlorination and chloramination of different water matrices containing different levels of bromide and iodide in laboratory controlled reactions. Results confirmed the enhancement of I-DBP formation in the presence of monochloramine. While I-THMs and I-HAAs contributed almost equally to total I-DBP concentrations in chlorinated water, I-THMs contributed the most to total I-DBP levels in the case of chloraminated water. The most abundant and common I-THM species generated were bromochloroiodomethane, dichloroiodomethane, and chlorodiiodomethane. Iodoacetic acid and chloroiodoacetic acid contributed the most to the total I-HAA concentrations measured in the investigated disinfected water. As for the studied HALs, dihalogenated species were the compounds that predominantly formed under both investigated treatments.     

UV/H_2O_2对土壤中As(Ⅲ)氧化效果的初步研究

为了减弱As迁移能力,降低其毒性,将土壤中As(Ⅲ)氧化为As(Ⅴ),使其更容易被固定。通过人工模拟的受砷污染土壤研究了自然光、紫外线、H2O2、自然光+H2O2和紫外线+H2O2对As(Ⅲ)的氧化效果。结果表明:5个组合均能氧化As(Ⅲ),紫外线+H2O2组合氧化效果最好,在此基础上通过正交试验确定该组合对As(Ⅲ)氧化的最优操作条件。UVC波段的紫外线氧化效果最好;光照强度12 W、光照时间为6 h时,氧化效果较好,继续增加光照强度和光照时间氧化效果没有明显提高;H2O2投加量为20 m L/kg时氧化效果最好,且继续增加投加量,氧化效果仍能改善。