Surface solar ultraviolet radiation: A theoretical approach of the SUVR reaching the ground in Athens, Greece

Daily total ozone observations made during 1985–1993 by both the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) flown on the Satellite Nimbus-7 and the Dobson Spectrophotometer have been used in order to investigate the fluctuations of the daily broad-band and spectral solar ultraviolet radiation reaching the ground. This investigation has been performed by employing a recently developed parametric algorithm for the estimation of the spectral and broad-band solar ultraviolet radiation which takes the total ozone variations into consideration. Total ozone reductions during the summertime from 1985 to 1993 over Athens, Greece (37.6° N, 23.4° E), cause an increase in the ultraviolet irradiance which reaches the ground of 0.54 %, 0.98 %, 2.60 % and 0.79 % per decade for the months of July at 300 nm, 312 nm, 320 nm and UVB (280-320 nm), respectively.     

Formation of disinfection byproducts in typical Chinese drinking water

Eight typical drinking water supplies in China were selected in this study. Both source and tap water were used to investigate the occurrence of chlorinated disinfection byproducts (DBPs), and seasonal variation in the concentrations of trihalomethanes (THMs) of seven water sources was compared. The results showed that the pollution level for source water in China, as shown by DBP formation potential, was low. The most encountered DBPs were chloroform, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, and chlorodibromoacetic acid. The concentration of every THMs and haloacetic acid (HAA) compound was under the limit of standards for drinking water quality. The highest total THMs concentrations were detected in spring.     

悬浮颗粒对污水氯消毒“拖尾”现象的影响

利用动力学方法研究了悬浮颗粒对二级出水氯消毒灭活大肠杆菌"拖尾"现象的影响规律.SS浓度越高,消毒拖尾区出现越早,灭活率越低.双对数回归对比表明,SS与灭活速度线性相关,浓度从6mg/L升高至85mg/L,总的灭活速度降低约10倍.采用多次拟合统计分析发现,SS浓度在10～55mg/L范围内,悬浮颗粒浓度与拖尾区起始时间及起始点对数灭活率线性相关(R20.99).在此范围内随SS浓度升高,拖尾起始点的时间由330min降低到55min,对数灭活率由5.8降低至0.8.有效去除SS不仅能够提高拖尾区灭活率,也可以提高消毒效率,降低消毒池的投资和运行费用.高氯投量及低pH值均能一定程度提高"拖尾"区灭活率.     

钴活化过一硫酸盐氧化过程中卤代副产物的生成

活化过硫酸盐产生的硫酸根自由基(SO~(·-)_4)可以降解大多数有机污染物,被广泛用于地下水、土壤修复等领域.本研究发现在钴活化过一硫酸盐(PMS)高级氧化过程中,溴离子会被SO~(·-)_4氧化生成自由溴,继而和苯酚反应生成溴代苯酚,最终生成三溴甲烷和二溴乙酸等副产物.当反应液中苯酚初始浓度为0.05 mmol·L~(-1)、Br~-浓度0.2 mmol·L~(-1)、Co~(2+)浓度5μmol·L~(-1)、PMS浓度1 mmol·L~(-1)、p H为6.0时,三溴甲烷和二溴乙酸的生成随反应的进行先增加后降低,在8 h达到最大,分别为10.3μmol·L~(-1)和14.6μmol·L~(-1).卤代副产物的生成随p H的升高而降低.当卤离子总量保持不变,随着溶液中Cl~-/Br~-比例的增加,卤代副产物的生成总量逐渐降低,而含氯副产物的产量逐渐增加.本研究为全面评价过硫酸盐高级氧化工艺在污染控制方面的应用可行性提供了依据.     

强火山喷发对地面紫外辐照度的影响

通过辐射传输计算考察了火山气溶胶及Ｏ３变化对到达地面的不同波长紫外直射、漫射和总辐照度，以及ＵＶＢ辐照度的影响，对模拟结果与在北京西北郊实际观测到的皮纳托博火山喷发前后ＵＶＢ辐照度的变化作了比较，并就二差别的一些原因进行了讨论。     

三江平原稻田CO2通量及其环境响应特征

 基于涡度相关技术,于2004年生长季对三江平原稻田CO₂通量进行了观测.结果表明,CO₂通量日变化特征明显;月平均的CO₂通量日变化幅度很大,6～9月,夜间最大净排放通量分别为0.23,0.23,0.18,0.12mg/(m²·s);白天最大净吸收通量分别为-0.14,-0.68,-0.66,-0.22mg/(m²·s).白天CO₂通量的变化与光合有效辐射明显相关,并且逐月变化.利用摩擦速度(U)的阈值进行筛选,夜间通量与温度之间无明显相关,同期观测的静态箱法结果表明,夜间通量与空气和土壤温度相关,整个生长季,生态系统从大气中吸收的C为5.30t/hm².     

铜绿微囊藻胞内物消毒副产物生成：氯化和溴化比较

为了研究蓝藻水华期间释放的有机物给原水水质及给水处理过程带来的影响,选取优势藻种铜绿微囊藻的胞内物质(IOM)作为前驱体,分析了其结构特征.此外,分别研究了IOM在pH 6.5、7.1及8.4条件下与氯及溴反应后性质的变化及消毒副产物的生成,并进行了相关性分析.结果表明,IOM中以相对分子质量较大的组分(>30×103)为主,其溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量占总量的68.8%.三维荧光光谱(EEM)的结果表明IOM的成分主要以芳香蛋白类物质为主,其单位DOC的荧光强度为92.6 AU·L·mg-1.与氯或溴反应后,芳香蛋白类EEM峰值下降了76.6%~93.3%,且其降低值与三卤甲烷(THMs,R2=0.81)和卤乙酸(HAAs,R2=0.77)的生成量正相关.IOM与氯或溴反应生成的THMs和HAAs浓度均随着pH的增加而增加.溴相比氯与IOM反应可以生成更多的THMs和HAAs,且HAAs的卤代程度更高,但是氯及溴与IOM反应能力的差异随着pH的升高而逐渐减小,即k OBr·IOM/k OCl·IOM相似文献   

二氧化氯消毒时三氯甲烷形成量的研究

研究了二氧化氯与氯消毒时三氯甲烷的形成量。结果表明,氯可与水中有机物反应形成三氯甲烷,其形成量随水中有机物含量,氯投加量,ＰＨ值的升高而升高,当ＣＯＤ为３ｍｇ／Ｌ,投氧量为７ｍｇ／Ｌ时,经４８ｈ反应后,三氯甲烷形成量将超过国家标准规定的６０μｇ／Ｌ,二氧化氯不与有机物反应形成三氯甲烷,１１．３３ｍｇ／Ｌ的二氧化氯与ＣＯＤ为２．６７ｍｇ／Ｌ水样经４８ｈ反应,三氯甲烷形成量低于检出限,二氧化氯与氯复佤     

不同类型医院污水处理方案的分析与优化

文章在吸收了众多国内外同行的新研究成果的基础上,根据中国医院污水处理的实际情况和中国的现状,将中国的医院给以分类.同时详细分析各类医院污水的不同特征,并在充分考虑投资效益、环境效益、经济效益、水资源利用、场地及其它综合因素的前提下,对不同类别的医院污水处理工艺流程进行了优化.     

Formation of nitrogenous disinfection by-products from pre-chloramination

A sampling survey investigated the formation of nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs) and carbonaceous DBPs (C-DBPs) from pre-chloramination, an increasingly common treatment strategy in China for regulated C-DBP control, followed by subsequent conventional water treatment processes, i.e., coagulation, sedimentation, and filtration. Dihalogenated N-DBPs typically peaked in the summer and early autumn with a relatively higher temperature, with the maximum levels of dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), bromochloroacetonitrile, dibromoacetonitrile and dichloroacetone at 1.8, 6.3, 6.0, 2.6 and 1.8 μg L⁻¹ in the finished water, respectively. Also, the levels of all the dichlorinated N-DBPs were correlated with the ratio of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) to dissolved organic carbon, implying autochthonous DON played an essential role in the formation of these DBPs. In contrast, the yields of trihalogenated DBPs [chloroform (CF), trichloronitromethane (TCNM) and trichloroacetone (TCAce)] appeared not to be significantly affected by seasons. CF and DCAN were the dominant species in trihalomethanes (THMs) and dihaloacetonitriles (DHANs), respectively. Bromine was more readily incorporated into DHANs to form brominated DBPs than THMs during pre-chloramination. Although pre-chloramination can ensure the finished water to meet with the current Chinese THM regulatory limits, the increased levels of TCNM and TCAce may be a new water quality concern.