Alarming decline of freshwater trigger species in western Mediterranean key biodiversity areas

Theidentification of key biodiversity areas (KBA) was initiated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature in 2004 to overcome taxonomic biases in the selection of important areas for conservation, including freshwater ecosystems. Since then, several KBAs have been identified mainly based on the presence of trigger species (i.e., species that trigger either the vulnerability and or the irreplaceability criterion and thus identify a site as a KBA). However, to our knowledge, many of these KBAs have not been validated. Therefore, classical surveys of the taxa used to identify freshwater KBAs (fishes, molluscs, odonates, and aquatic plants) were conducted in Douro (Iberian Peninsula) and Sebou (Morocco) River basins in the Mediterranean Biodiversity Hotspot. Environmental DNA analyses were undertaken in the Moroccan KBAs. There was a mismatch between the supposed and actual presence of trigger species. None of the trigger species were found in 43% and 50% of all KBAs surveyed in the Douro and Sebou basins, respectively. Shortcomings of freshwater KBA identification relate to flawed or lack of distribution data for trigger species. This situation results from a misleading initial identification of KBAs based on poor (or even inaccurate) ecological information or due to increased human disturbance between initial KBA identification and the present. To improve identification of future freshwater KBAs, we suggest selecting trigger species with a more conservative approach; use of local expert knowledge and digital data (to assess habitat quality, species distribution, and potential threats); consideration of the subcatchment when delineating KBAs boundaries; thoughtful consideration of terrestrial special areas for conservation limits; and periodic field validation.     

Building a global taxonomy of wildlife offenses

Most countries have many pieces of legislation that govern biodiversity, including a range of criminal, administrative, and civil law provisions that state how wildlife must be legally used, managed, and protected. However, related debates in conservation, such as about enforcement, often overlook the details within national legislation that define which specific acts are illegal, the conditions under which laws apply, and how they are sanctioned. Based on a review of 90 wildlife laws in 8 high-biodiversity countries with different legal systems, we developed a taxonomy that describes all types of wildlife offenses in those countries. The 511 offenses are organized into a hierarchical taxonomy that scholars and practitioners can use to help conduct legal analyses. This is significant amidst competing calls to strengthen, deregulate, and reform wildlife legislation, particularly in response to fears over zoonotic threats and large-scale biodiversity loss. It can be used to provide more nuance legal analyses and facilitate like-for-like comparisons across countries, informing processes to redraft conservation laws, review deregulation efforts, close loopholes, and harmonize legislation across jurisdictions. We applied the taxonomy in a comparison of sanctions in 8 countries for hunting a protected species. We found not only huge ranges in fines (US$0 to $200,000) and imprisonment terms (1.5 years to life imprisonment), but also fundamentally different approaches to designing sanctions for wildlife offenses. The taxonomy also illustrates how future legal taxonomies can be developed for other environmental issues (e.g., invasive species, protected areas).     

云南省城市生活垃圾处理温室气体排放特征

根据《IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》和《省级温室气体清单编制指南》方法,建立2018年云南省16个州(市)城市生活垃圾处理温室气体排放清单,包括生活垃圾填埋和焚烧处理过程,并分析了温室气体排放的时间分布、空间分布和影响因素等。结果表明;(1)2018年云南省生活垃圾处理温室气体总排放量为536万t CO_2当量,各州(市)间排放量差异明显,滇中经济发达地区和滇东北人口密度较高地区排放量明显高于滇西北地区。(2)2005—2018年,云南省生活垃圾处理排放的温室气体量增长了191.3%,温室气体排放组成发生明显变化,CH4比重不断下降,CO_2比重不断增加。(3)城镇人口数量、生活垃圾处理量、经济发展水平与温室气体排放量显著相关,其中人口数量更为明显。     

兰西城市群县域土地利用效率时空差异研究

在考虑绿色发展内涵的基础上,运用SBM-Undesirable模型测度了2006—2018年兰西城市群县域土地利用效率值,并采用泰尔指数、空间自相关方法揭示其时空差异特征。结果表明:①2006—2018年兰西城市群县域土地利用效率稳步提升,区域差异先扩大后缩小。②兰西城市群县域土地利用效率呈现“中部高—外围低、西高东低、南北分异”的空间差异规律,两省域呈现“西—东”的递减规律。③兰西城市群县域土地利用效率空间集聚特征显著,局部范畴上高—高集聚区在中部地区较为典型,低—低集聚区出现由东南向西南的扩散现象。     

京津冀及周边地区秋冬季大气污染物排放变化因素解析

基于大气污染源排放清单技术方法,定量分析2016~2017年秋冬季"跨年霾"至2019~2020年秋冬季"疫情霾"期间京津冀及周边地区主要大气污染物排放量变化,解析大气污染防治政策实施带来的减排和疫情造成的活动水平下降对主要污染物排放的贡献,并利用空气质量模型模拟分析不利气象条件下措施减排和疫情影响对空气质量改善的贡献.结果表明,从"跨年霾"（2016-12-16~2017-01-14）至"疫情霾"（2020-01-22~2020-02-14）该区域主要大气污染物排放量大幅下降50%左右,不利气象条件下,区域PM_2.5平均浓度可削减40%以上.措施减排主要来自火电、钢铁等重点工业行业提标改造和工业锅炉、民用燃煤等燃煤源治理,对SO₂和PM_2.5排放量的削减贡献较大,贡献率分别为67.1%和53.4%;疫情主要影响移动源和轻工业活动水平,对NO_x和VOCs排放量的削减贡献较大,贡献率分别为71.9%和68.2%.措施减排对区域空气质量改善贡献突出,有效抑制了重污染过程的强度和范围.在"跨年霾"的不利气象条件下,措施减排使区域PM_2.5平均浓度下降26%,重度及以上污染天数减少44%.受疫情影响,区域PM_2.5平均浓度继续下降24%,重污染持续时间和范围进一步缩减.     

Environmental Monitoring of Heavy Metals in Bulgarian Black Sea Green Algae

Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb and Cd concentration distribution in six green macroalgae species from the Bulgarian Black Sea coast were determined. The measurement of these metals was carried out during six seasons from 1996 to 2002 using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Samples were collected from eight different sites–Shabla, Kaliakra, Tuzlata, Ravda, Ahtopol and Sinemoretz. The obtained heavy metal (HM) data (mean values g/g) for all algae are: 650 ± 100 for Fe, 184 ± 15 for Mn, 5.6 ± 0.5 for Cu, 3.3 ± 0.3 for Pb and 1.1 ± 0.2 for Cd. The obtained HM contents indicate that different species demonstrate various degree of metal accumulation and the obtained higher values in the northern sector of the studied zone can be attributed to the discharge influence of the big rivers, entering the Black Sea–Danube, Dnyepr, Dnester and local pollutant emissions. All data show that there is no serious contamination in green macroalgae with heavy and toxic metals along the whole Bulgarian Black Sea coast.     

城镇居民食物消费的生态足迹及生态文明程度评价

城镇居民食品账户生态足迹核算一直面临着消费项目不完善与消费-土地利用矩阵信息匮乏的问题。研究通过改进自下而上生态足迹模型,较好地解决了上述问题;并构建了食物消费的生态文明度概念与分类层次体系,在生态影响“数量”评估的基础上开展了“质量”评估。论文对2005—2012年中国及各省城镇居民食物消费的生态影响及生态文明度进行了实证研究,结果表明：1）城镇居民部门食物账户的生态影响变动主要驱动力为在外就餐;2）全国及大陆省份中除山西、江西和青海外的28个省份城镇居民食物消费的生态文明度发生了不同程度的下降。中国如果忽略城镇市场倒逼机制对生态文明的巨大作用,规模扩大与食谱增富的城镇化可能将整个中国带入生态环境脆弱性增强的境地。     

基于选择实验法的城市生态系统服务价值评估——以四川温江为例

对城市生态系统服务价值的全面认知是实现城市生态系统可持续发展的基础。论文以四川温江为例,首先,基于选择实验法,构建城市生态系统服务功能属性指标和设置属性水平,了解温江居民对不同状态水平的选择偏好;然后,采用Mixed Logit模型对居民城市生态系统服务效用函数进行拟合,探讨生态系统服务各属性隐含价格和居民补偿剩余;最后,对温江城市生态系统服务价值进行评估。结果表明：1）温江居民对于城市生态系统服务功能偏好由高到低分别为城市小气候、水环境、空气质量、城市噪声污染和休闲娱乐文化。2）各生态系统服务功能属性指标隐含价格分别为：为了在5 a内实现温江城市生态系统服务功能各指标预设目标,空气质量达标天数比率每提高1%,当地居民支付意愿为399.45元/(人·a);河流综合污染指数每下降1%,当地居民支付意愿为564.03元/(人·a);一类地区环境噪声比每降低1%,当地居民支付意愿为295.25元/(人·a);夏季最高温度比每提高1%,当地居民支付意愿为630.81元/(人·a);人均公共绿地面积比重每提高1%,当地居民支付意愿为219.29元/(人·a)。3）为在5 a内实现目标,温江居民的整体人均意愿支付成本为113.59元/(人·a),据此可以计算得出目前温江城市生态系统服务全价值为3 733.08万元/a。     

南海北部海岛周边海域生态环境质量综合评价

基于国内外海洋生态环境质量综合评价方法,结合我国海洋生态环境调查数据,从环境和生物学要素中选取12个指标建立评价指标体系,确定5个评价等级及标准,采用层次分析法确定指标权重,构建我国海岛周边海域生态环境质量综合评价方法.选取南海北部10个代表性海岛,对其周边海域生态环境质量进行综合评价,结果表明：研究海岛中特呈岛和内伶仃岛评价等级为中,其余8个海岛均为良;离岸距离、陆源污染物排放量和海水交换能力直接影响评价结果.该方法能较好地反映海岛周边海域生态环境状况,可操作性强,可作为今后我国海岛周边海域生态环境质量评价的参考.     

城镇污水处理设施空间优化配置研究

城镇污水处理设施建设总体规模不足、空间布局不平衡等问题突出,基于效率最大化、费用最小化原则,从微观效率和宏观布局两个维度进行空间优化配置,为解决城镇污水处理设施的空间均衡问题提供思路.以淮安市盱眙县盱城镇为例,利用ArcGIS网络分析工具,构建"目标市场份额"和"最小阻抗"模型,进行镇区污水处理设施的空间优化配置.结果表明:已有的污水处理设施中,由于管网配套不足,富春运行负荷低,未来扩大服务范围、提高运行效率是重点;在合理运行条件下,已有的污水厂的设计能力仍不满足治理需求,根据排污治污缺口,需新建一座2万t/d规模的污水处理设施;新建污水厂的最佳位置位于缺口地区的最小费用点.微观效率与宏观布局的协同优化方案可为盱城镇污水处理设施的格局优化提供科学依据,同时也为全国同类地区城镇污水处理设施空间规划管理提供参考.