污染源现场监测真实性和法律有效性控制的几点做法

污染源现场监测中的客观真实性和法律有效性是环境监测质量保证的重要内容,但在监测实践中还没有对此引起足够的重视,缺少有效的控制措施。文章在多年监测实践的基础上,总结归纳出一些控制措施和方法,实践证明,简单易行、科学有效。     

Developing a Questionnaire for Measuring Safety Climate in the Workplace in Serbia

This study was conducted because a real method for measuring safety climate had never been developed and assessed in Serbian industry. The aim of this paper was to start the process of developing a safety climate questionnaire that could be used in Serbia. As a starting point a 21-item questionnaire was adopted after an extensive literature review. The questionnaire was distributed at several Serbian factories; 1098 workers responded. After a statistical analysis of the data obtained with the questionnaire and a critical comparison with the available reference results, a final questionnaire with 21 questions, divided into 7 groups, was developed. The 7 groups of questions (factors) were safety awareness and competence, safety communication, organizational environment, management support, risk judgment and management reaction, safety precautions and accident prevention, and safety training.     

自动在线监测系统利用软件数据质控有效性研究

自动在线监测设备对排放的污染物进行实时监测,获取真实有效的监测数据。研究自动在线监测设备监测数据质量保证系统是污染源自动在线监控系统科学判断和分析环境问题的前提。软件系统是数据采集、记录和存储、传输、统计分析、自我识别、形成报表和报告的集成,也是监测数据质量保证的有效手段,通过设定“阈值”和“条件”．实现了监测数的自动甄别、纠错和报警。     

电力技工《安全意识相关因素量表》的编制

为了弄清影响电力技工安全意识的相关因素,编制具有标准化指标的安全意识相关因素量表,在深度访谈、开放式问卷调查和参与式观察基础上提出主体认知、团队氛围、工作态度、学习与激励、责任与危险想象和经历体验等6个与安全意识相关的因素,并编制量表,经试测和大规模抽样调查,在数据统计的基础上,对量表进行标准化。探索性因素分析所析因子与理论构想吻合,验证性因素分析TLI和CFI值为0.98,模型拟合较好。再测信度高为0.986(P<0.001),a系数为0.818。该量表科学有效,可用于实际评估电力技工的安全意识。     

Effects of experience with access regimes on stewardship behaviors of small-scale fishers

Governance regimes that assign exclusive access to support collective action are increasingly promoted to manage common-pool resources under the premise that they foster environmental stewardship. However, experimental evidence linked to existing policies that support this premise is lacking. Overlapping access policies in small-scale fisheries provide a unique opportunity to test the effects of access regimes on users’ stewardship behaviors. We performed a lab-in-the-field experiment to assess how fishers’ previous experience with access regimes relates to compliance and peer enforcement (n = 120). Fishers’ compliance and peer-enforcement decisions were compared in a common-pool-resource game. Treatments differed in framing to represent exclusive access and pseudo-open access regimes, both of which fishers face in real life. To contrast behavior in the game with real-life observations, we compared fishers’ associations that have shown relatively high and low management performance under exclusive access policies. Compliance and peer enforcement were higher under the exclusive access treatment than under the pseudo-open access treatment only for fishers’ associations with high management performance in real life. Behaviors in the game reflected differences between associations in real life. Our results support previous research on ocean governance by experimentally assessing the role of access regimes in determining users’ stewardship and suggest potential mechanisms for stewardship internalization.     

环境与资源价值CV评估预测有效性研究进展

条件价值法是评估非市场产品价值的最重要方法,在环境与资源价值评估中得到广泛的应用,预测有效性是条件价值研究中最为核心的内容。论文在对环境与资源项目条件价值评估预测有效性实证研究回顾与分析的基础上,初步总结了导致CV有效性差的主要原因,认为无收入限制、温暖光辉以及"答非所问"等诸多原因均来自市场的虚拟性。介绍了提高CV预测有效性的三类主要措施,即事前措施、事后措施及事间措施。同时分析了CV预测有效性表达方式的局限性,提出应合理看待CV预测有效性的结果。     

What can we learn from benefit transfer errors? Evidence from 20 years of research on convergent validity

We develop a nonparametric approach to meta-analysis and use it to identify modeling decisions that affect benefit transfer errors. The meta-data describe the results from 31 empirical studies testing the convergent validity of benefit transfers. They evaluated numerous methodological procedures, collectively reporting 1071 transfer errors. Our meta-regressions identify several important findings, including: (1) the median absolute error is 39%; (2) function transfers outperform value transfers; (3) transfers describing environmental quantity generate lower transfer errors than transfers describing quality changes; (4) geographic site similarity is important for value transfers; (5) contingent valuation generates lower transfer errors than other valuation methods; and (6) combining data from multiple studies tends to reduce transfer errors.     

INTERPRETATION OF “RESTRICTED VALIDITY” IRRIGATION PERMITS IN THE SVARTÅ RIVER BASIN,SWEDEN1

ABSTRACT: Irrigation permits in the Svartå River basin, Sweden, are issued with restricted validities by which irrigation is permitted only in those periods when the release from the primary regulation facility in the basin is greater than 2.0 m³/s. A “risk” measure describing the expected total duration of periods in which irrigation will not be permitted in the basin under a range of conditions has been formulated and applied to the basin. The measure recognizes only the period for which irrigation is not permitted and does not consider water availability as it is not a factor in this case. Comparison of the measure with a previously proposed approach shows that it provides a better measure of system behavior. The new measure is particularly useful for transferring to the nontechnical water user or manager an understanding of how well the overall irrigation system can be expected to perform.     

大气自动监测系统监测数据"有效性"讨论

根据统计推导出有效日均值允许缺测时数与允许误差和全日时均值均方差的理论关系式,应用于北京大气自动监测系统冬季二氧化硫小时浓度监测资料,计算出９５％置信度下随机缺测允许最大时数为６ｈ,与目前国家环保局要求７５％数据捕获率相一致。     

霉菌试验技术分析与探讨

分析霉菌试验技术对试验结果的影响,并从试验菌种、霉菌孢子、试验周期、温湿度控制、灭菌方法以及试验结果评定等方面对提高霉菌试验结果的有效性进行了探讨.