黑龙江省松嫩平原南部土壤重金属元素铅的空间变异特征研究

利用地统计学,结合GIS研究黑龙江省松嫩平原南部重金属Pb在耕作层(0～20 cm)和亚耕作层(20～40 cm)的空间分布特征。结果表明耕作层和亚耕作层分别经过Box-Cox变换和Log变换后服从正态分布;通过半方差函数分析,发现存在块金效应,且耕作层和亚耕作层均为中等强度的空间自相关性;用普通克里格法进行插值,得到耕作层和亚耕作层的空间等值线图,充分了解空间变异性规律,并可进一步用于精确农业和农业污染源的预测和控制。     

近40年来福建省水稻土有效磷富集效应及潜在生态风险评估

水稻土磷素流失引起的水体富营养化等生态风险已受到普遍关注,而明确其动态变化和富集效应是制定合理防控措施的基础.以福建省1.8×10⁶ hm²水稻土为研究对象,以1982年全国第二次土壤普查1 471个、 2008年农业农村部测土配方施肥项目215 534个和2018年农业农村部耕地质量监测项目2 895个表层水稻土样点建立的1∶5万三期大比例尺土壤数据库为基础,分析全省水稻土有效磷含量近40年来的富集效应及潜在生态风险.结果表明,1982～2018年间福建省水稻土有效磷含量增加了47 mg·kg^-1,富集面积达到1.65×10⁶ hm²,占全省水稻土总面积的91%;其中,1982～2008年福建省水稻土有效磷含量增加了28 mg·kg^-1,富集面积为1.47×10⁶ hm²,占全省水稻土总面积的82%; 2008～2018年福建省水稻土有效磷含量增加了19 mg·kg^-1,富集面积为1.22...     

松嫩平原玉米带土壤碳氮比的时空变异特征

土壤碳氮比(C/N)是土壤质量的敏感指标,是衡量土壤C、N营养平衡状况的指标,它的演变趋势对土壤碳、氮循环有重要影响.通过野外调查、采样和分析,运用地统计学方法和GIS技术,探讨1980～2005年松嫩平原玉米带土壤C/N的时空变化规律.结果表明,1980年和2005年土壤C/N的平均值分别为10.56和12.30.2...     

春季北支脊变化特征及其对中国气候的影响

论文利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和中国160个站月降水量和气温资料,通过小波、相关分析等方法,讨论了春季北支脊的变化特征及其对中国同期降水和气温的影响。结果表明：春季北支脊缓慢增强,存在2~3 a和准6 a的周期;纬向位置略向东移,具有准3 a和12 a的周期。春季北支脊偏强（弱）,黄河流域到江南地区的降水量偏少（多）,东北、西南和华南地区的降水量偏多（少）;春季北支脊纬向位置偏东（西）,中国北方大部分地区的降水量偏多（少）,西南和江南大部分地区的降水量偏少（多）;中国大部分地区的升（降）温显著。当春季北支脊纬向位置显著偏东（西）时,且强度偏强（弱）,淮河流域降水偏少（多）,东北、西南和华南地区的降水偏多（少）,中国大部分地区气温明显偏高（低）。通过对相应的环流和物理量场的分析,能较合理地解释中国春季气候异常的原因,对中国短期气候预测有一定帮助。     

引黄灌区不同尺度农田土壤重金属空间分布及污染评价：以银川市兴庆区为例

确定农田土壤重金属分布及其污染状况,对于评价农业生态环境质量、保障食品安全和人类健康都具有重要作用.以宁夏引黄灌区农田土壤为研究对象,在10 m(L尺度)和1 m(M尺度)两种尺度上网格取样,共取耕层土样(0~20 cm)223个,利用经典统计和地统计相结合的方法对土壤铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、铬(Cr)、镉(Cd)和铅(Pb)的空间变异性进行研究,并利用单因子指数(Pi)和内梅罗综合指数(P综)评价土壤重金属的污染程度.结果表明,两种尺度下,Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb均属中等变异性,其变异系数(CV)顺序为:Cd>Pb>Cr>Zn>Cu.地统计分析表明,L尺度下Cd和M尺度下Pb块金系数为100%,表现为纯块金效应,主要受随机因素影响,具较弱的空间相关性.其它重金属元素在两种尺度下块金系数均小于25%,说明主要受结构性因素的影响,具有强烈的空间相关性.结合Pi和P综值可知,两种尺度下除了Cu外,其它4种重金属元素出现轻度污染的样点数较多,表明研究区已出现重金属富集的趋势.     

Load Estimation Method Using Distributions with Covariates: A Comparison with Commonly Used Estimation Methods

Load estimates obtained using an approach based on statistical distributions with parameters expressed as a function of covariates (e.g., streamflow) (distribution with covariates hereafter called DC method) were compared to four load estimation methods: (1) flow‐weighted mean concentration; (2) integral regression; (3) segmented regression (the last two with Ferguson's correction factor); and (4) hydrograph separation methods. A total of 25 datasets (from 19 stations) of daily concentrations of total dissolved solids, nutrients, or suspended particulate matter were used. The selected stations represented a wide range of hydrological conditions. Annual flux errors were determined by randomly generating 50 monthly sample series from daily series. Annual and interannual biases and dispersions were evaluated and compared. The impact of sampling frequency was investigated through the generation of bimonthly and weekly surveys. Interannual uncertainty analysis showed that the performance of the DC method was comparable with those of the other methods, except for stations showing high hydrological variability. In this case, the DC method performed better, with annual biases lower than those characterizing the other methods. Results show that the DC method generated the smallest pollutant load errors when considering a monthly sampling frequency for rivers showing high variability in hydrological conditions and contaminant concentrations.     

Analysis of Daily Peaking and Run‐of‐River Operations with Flow Variability Metrics,Considering Subdaily to Seasonal Time Scales

Environmental flows are an important consideration in licensing hydropower projects as operational flow releases can result in adverse conditions for downstream ecological communities. Flow variability assessments have typically focused on pre‐ and post‐dam conditions using metrics based on daily averaged flow values. This study used subdaily and daily flow data to assess environmental flow response to changes in hydropower operations from daily peaking to run‐of‐river. An analysis tool was developed to quantify flow variability metrics and was applied to four hydropower projects. Significant differences were observed between operations at the 99% confidence level in the median flow values using hourly averaged flow datasets. Median daily rise and fall rates decreased on average 34.5 and 27.9%, respectively, whereas median hourly rise and fall rates decreased on average 50.1 and 50.6%, respectively. Differences in operational flow regimes were more pronounced in the hourly averaged flow datasets and less pronounced or nonexistent in the daily averaged flow datasets. These outcomes have implications for the development of ecology‐flow relationships that quantify effects of flow on processes such as fish stranding and displacement, along with habitat stability. Results indicate that flow variability statistics should be quantified using subdaily datasets to accurately represent the nature of hydropower operations, especially for daily peaking facilities.     

C2–C8 NMHCs over the Eastern Mediterranean: Seasonal variation and impact on regional oxidation chemistry

More than 2500 measurements of C₂–C₈ non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) have been conducted at Finokalia sampling station on the island of Crete over a thirty-month period (September 2003–February 2006), to investigate the factors controlling NMHC levels and estimate their role in the oxidizing capacity of the Eastern Mediterranean atmosphere. Atmospheric concentrations of NMHCs range from below the detection limit (5 pptv) to a few ppbv and present a hydroxyl radical (OH) driven seasonal pattern with lower values during summer. The diel variability was also influenced by the reaction of the NMHC with the OH radical, exhibiting a nighttime maximum and a midday or early afternoon minimum. Long-lived compounds demonstrate higher concentrations under the influence of the northern sector (European continent), indicating that besides chemistry, transport significantly contributes to NMHCs levels in the area. Based on the observed NMHCs diurnal cycles, mean OH radical levels of 3.5 × 10⁶ molecules cm⁻³ have been derived for May–October period.     

The influence of diet on intra and inter-individual variability of urinary excretion of arsenic species in Italian healthy individuals

To study the effect of eating foods with a high arsenic (As) content on the intra and inter-individual variability of urinary concentrations of the As species, daily urine samples were collected for 10 consecutive days from 12 healthy male subjects. A daily food diary was kept throughout the study period. Personal exposure to airborne As was measured once during the study. As³, As⁵, monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) and arsenobetaine were determined in all urine samples by inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and the sum of As³ + As⁵ + MMA + DMA (iAs) by hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Exposure to airborne As was below the limit of detection in all samplings. As³ was found in only 19.2% and As⁵ in only 3.3% of the urine samples, whereas high urinary concentrations of arsenobetaine were observed. With the exception of arsenobetaine, expressed as a percentage, a significant inter-individual variability was observed for all species of As, for iAs and for the MMA/DMA ratio (p < 0.001). Instead, the intra-individual variability was significant only for the MMA/DMA ratio (p < 0.001). Among foods with a high As content, only a heavy consumption of seafood was shown to influence inter-individual variability of DMA%, arsenobetaine expressed as μg g⁻¹ creatinine and iAs. In conclusion, even in populations with a high intake of organic As through foods, the finding of a significant inter-individual but no significant intra-individual variability of urinary species confirms the usefulness of urinary As speciation for biological monitoring of exposure to As.     

Multi-biomarker approach in wild European bullhead, Cottus sp., exposed to agricultural and urban environmental pressures: practical recommendations for experimental design

In freshwater ecosystems, a large number of chemical substances are able to disturb homeostasis of fish by modulating one or more physiological functions including the immune system. The aim of this study was to assess multi-biomarker responses including immunotoxicity induced by urban and agricultural pressure in European bullheads living in a small French river basin. For this purpose, a set of biochemical, immunological, physiological and histological parameters was measured in wild bullheads from five locations characterized by various environmental pressures. Moreover, to address effects of physiological status and contamination level variation on biomarker responses, fish were sampled during three periods (April, July and October). Results revealed a clear impact of environmental pressure on fish health and particularly on immunological status. An increase of EROD activity was recorded between upstream and downstream sites. Upstream sites were also characterized by neurotoxicological effects. Fish exhibited upstream/downstream variations of immunological status but strong differences were observed according to sampling season. Conversely, regarding biochemical and immunological effects, no significant response of physiological indexes was recorded related to environmental pressures. According to these results, the European bullhead appears as a valuable model fish species to assess adverse effects in wildlife due to urban and agricultural pressures.