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221.
环境样品前处理技术及其进展(二) 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
在前文中讨论了环境样品的制备、前处理的概况,以及超临界流体萃取法。本文将继续报导近年来环境样品制备与前处理领域中其他一些新技术和新方法,包括固相萃取(SPE)、微波溶出(MWD)和液膜萃取(SLM)法,阐述了这些方法的基本原理、操作过程、各种实验参数的影响,及其在环境样品制备与前处理中的应用,并探讨了该领域的发展动向。 相似文献
222.
An area where a free-product accumulation of trichloroethylene (TCE) dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) occurs at the bottom of a 10-m-thick surficial sand aquifer was studied to determine the integrity of the underlying, 20-m-thick, clayey silt aquitard formed of glaciolacustrine sediment. TCE concentration-versus-depth profiles determined from aquitard cores collected at five locations indicated penetration of detectable TCE 2.5 to 3.0 m into the aquitard. Two of the profiles show persistent DNAPL at the aquitard interface, while two others indicate that DNAPL, present initially, was completely dissolved away producing concentration declines at the aquitard interface. The fifth profile suggests shallow DNAPL penetration (<0.5 m) into the aquitard, however, this penetration, which was likely caused by cross-contamination during core collection or cone penetrometry (CPT) of the aquitard interface, did not increase the maximum depth of TCE penetration. Combining the field profiles with one-dimensional model simulations, downward migration of the aqueous TCE front, defined as the EPA MCL of 5 microg/l, which was below the analytical detection limit, was projected to a distance between 4 and 5 m below the top of the aquitard. Using a single set of estimated aquitard parameter values, simulations of aqueous TCE migration into the aquitard provided a good fit to four of the field profiles with a migration time of 35 to 45 years, consistent with the history of TCE use at the site. These simulations indicate aqueous TCE migration is diffusion-dominated with only small advective influence by the downward groundwater velocity of 2 to 3 cm/year or less in the aquitard due to pumping of the underlying aquifer to supply water to the facility in the past 50 years. The applicability of the parameter values was confirmed by in situ diffusion experiments of 1-year duration, in which stainless steel cylinders containing DNAPL were inserted into the aquitard. The diffusion-dominated nature of the profiles indicates that the aquitard provides long-term protection of the underlying aquifer from contamination from this DNAPL zone. Simulations of long-term migration of the TCE solute front indicate breakthrough to the lower aquifer at 1200 years for the no advection scenario and at 500 years if the strong downward hydraulic gradient persists. However, even after breakthrough, the mass flux through the aquitard to the underlying aquifer remains relatively low, and when considered in terms of potential impacts to pumping wells, concentrations are not expected to increase significantly above present-day MCLs. The use of contaminant profiles of different time and distance scales, in addition to hydraulic data, dramatically improves the ability to assess aquitard integrity, and provides improved transport parameter values for estimating contaminant arrival times and fluxes. The apparent lack of deep preferential pathways for TCE migration, such as open fractures, is probably due to the softness of the silty aquitard deposit and minimal physical or chemical weathering of the aquitard provides long-term protection of the underlying aquifer from contamination from this DNAPL zone. Simulations of long-term migration of the TCE solute front indicate breakthrough to the lower aquifer at 1200 years for the no advection scenario and at 500 years if the strong downward hydraulic gradient persists. However, even after the breakthrough, the mass flux through the aquitard to the underlying aquifer remains relatively low, and when considered in terms of potential impacts to pumping wells , concentrations are not expected to increase significantly above present-day MCLs. The use of contaminant profiles of different time and distance scales, in addition to hydraulic data, dramatically improves the ability to assess aquitard integrity, and provides improved transport parameter values for estimating contaminant arrival times and fluxes. The apparent lack of deep preferential pathways for TCE migration, such as open fractures, is probably due to the softness of the silty aquitard deposit and minimal physical or chemical weathering of the aquitard. 相似文献
223.
Jan Šíma Marek Kobera Martin Šeda Lukáš Rokos Jan Vondruška Jiří Krejsa 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2020,55(4):319-328
AbstractThe content of Al, As, Be, Cd, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Li, Mg, Mn, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in fruiting bodies of edible mushrooms Calocybe gambosa, Entoloma clypeatum, Entoloma saepium, Xerocomellus chrysenteron, and Amanita rubescens growing in an orchard planted with fruit trees and situated close to a high-grown forest was studied during years 2016–2018. A. rubescens showed the highest potential of the element accumulation with bioconcentration factors of 48.5, 16.2, 7.80, 6.53, 1.75, and 1.68 obtained for Rb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Sr, and Mg, respectively. Both Entoloma species accumulated the elements similarly with bioconcentration factors >1.0 obtained for Rb, Cu, Cd, and Mg. Bioconcentration factors <0.05 were obtained for Al, Cr, Fe, and Pb in all studied species. The contents of beryllium (<0.1?mg/kg dry matter) were always the lowest among the studied elements. The contents of some elements of studied mushroom species significantly fluctuated over the years. Despite the fact that some studied elements (As, Be, Cd, Pb, Ni) are considerably toxic for humans, the pronounced effect on health is not expected if the studied mushroom species are consumed occasionally and do not represent the main component of the diet. 相似文献
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226.
空气中挥发性有机物监测技术的研究进展 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
讨论了空气中挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的监测分析方法研究进展。重点介绍了空气中VOCs的采集、分析和测定;简要叙述了样品前处理的新方法--固相微萃取法(SPME)与其它前处理方法的研究概况。 相似文献
227.
紫花苜蓿品种间根系发育过程分析 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
从根系发育角度分析了不同紫花苜蓿品种在甘肃黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的适应性.研究表明:品种间侧根发生总数差异较大,Ameristand201和Sandili均为14个,陇东苜蓿(Longdong)仅为6个,65%的侧根发生于营养生长阶段;品种间主根生长,根系体积、根系生物量的积累在各个生育期的表现分为3种类型,Ameristand201,Sandili,Ameri-graze401在整个生育期内的生长速率较快,且速率基本保持一致;陇东苜蓿,Derby,Sitel在整个生育期内生长速率较慢,但在盛花期(7月中旬)后,生长速率急剧增加;Goldenempress,Defi,Algonqiun介于前两者之间.从根系发育过程分析,Amefistand201,Sandili,Amerigraze401对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的季节性降水反映相对迟钝,在干旱半干旱生境中具有较好的适应性. 相似文献
228.
1 IntroductionInorganiccontaminants,phenolcompoundsaredeterminedprioritycontaminantbyUSEPA[1 ].ThephenolcompoundsinthedrinkingwaterisstipulatedasabsolutelydeterminationitembytheEuropeanEconomicCommunity (E E C .)andourcountry.Themeasurementofpollutionish… 相似文献
229.
Dynamics of Turbulence in Low-Speed Oscillating Bottom-Boundary Layers of Stratified Basins 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Lorke Andreas Umlauf Lars Jonas Tobias Wüest Alfred 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2002,2(4):291-313
This paper focuses on the impact of an oscillating low-speed current on the structure and dynamics of the bottom-boundary layer (BBL) in a small stratified basin. A set of high-resolution current profile measurements in combination with temperature-microstructure measurements were collected during a complete cycle of the internal oscillation (`seiching') in the BBL of Lake Alpnach, Switzerland. It was found that even a relatively long seiching period of 24 hours significantly changed the form of the near-bottom current profiles as well as the dynamics of the turbulent dissipation rate compared to the steady-state law-of-the-wall. A logarithmic fit to the measured current profiles starting at a distance of 0.5 m above the sediment led to inconsistent estimates of both friction velocity and roughness length. Moreover, a phase lag between the current and the turbulent dissipation of 1.5 hours and a persistent maximum in the current profile at a height of 2.5 to 3 m above the sediment were observed. The experimental findings were compared to the results of a k- turbulence model and showed good agreement in general. Specifically, the inconsistent logarithmic fitting results and the observed phase lag were reproduced well by the model. 相似文献
230.
新邵县工矿破坏土地的生态重建模式探索 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
对新邵县现有的因工程建设、矿产开发而形成的破坏土地进行调查、分类.根据不同的类型采取不同的工程、林学措施,试图重建以木本植物为主的生态群落结构. 相似文献