Evaluating peats for their capacities to remove odorous compounds from liquid swine manure using headspace “solid‐phase microextraction”

Abstract

This paper reports on research designed to investigate the capacities of different highly characterized peats to remove odorous compounds from liquid swine manure (LSM). Peat types representing a wide range of properties were tested in order to establish which chemical and physical properties might be most indicative of their capacities to remediate odors produced by LSM. Eight percent slurries (of peat/LSM) were measured for odor changes after 24 hours using odor panel and GC/MS‐Solid‐phase microextraction (GC/MS‐SPME) analysis.

The GC/MS‐SPME and odor panel results indicated that, although all peats tested in this study were found to be effective at removing odor‐causing compounds found in LSM, some peats tended to work better than others. Overall, the peats that were the most effective at removing odor‐causing compounds tended to have lower bulk densities, ash contents, fulvic acids contents, and guaiacyl lignins contents,and higher water holding capacities, hydraulic conductivities, “total other lignins”; contents, hydrogen contents, carbon contents, and total cellulose contents.

GC/MS‐SPME analysis was found to be a reasonably inexpensive and efficient way of conducting this type of research. It allows one to identify a large number of the odor‐causing compounds found in LSM, and more importantly, to detect with some precision specific differences in the amounts of these compounds between peat types.     

Improved Gas Chromatographic method for analysis of trichlorfon insecticide in soil and turfgrass thatch

Abstract

An improved Gas Chromatographic method utilizing simple extraction and one‐step purification on solid phase extraction tubes was developed for analysis of trichlorfon as an intact insecticide compound in turfgrass thatch and soil. A Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrum (GC/MS) was used for confirmation of trichlorfon structure. The method readily determines trichlorfon in the presence of dichlorvos. Using an electron capture (EC) detector, the detection limits were 0.02 ppm in soil, 0.04 ppm in turfgrass thatch, and 0.09 ppm in soil, and 0.2 ppm in turfgrass thatch using an nitrogen phosphorus (NP) detector.     

工业灰渣高温相平衡分析和数学处理

硅酸盐工业灰渣的基本化学成人是ＣａＯ、ＳｉＯ２，Ａｌ２Ｏ３等，目前主要用于生产水泥等建筑材料， 西方对工业灰渣ＣａＯ－ＳｉＯ２－Ａｌ２Ｏ３三元系高钙相平衡过程进行了分析讨论和数学处理。     

三峡库区扩种龙眼荔枝的适宜性分析

荔枝与龙眼系亚热带水果,集中分布于闽粤两省,三峡库区上段河谷两侧也有零星分布,是该类水果分布的最北界。这类水果在训区栽培始于汉唐时代,并被列为贡品荔枝与龙眼系喜温性水果,库区栽培间冻害发生,成为限制扩大栽培的主要因素,故多分布于万县－重庆江段两海拔２００ｍ上下地段,水库蓄水后,原栽培区部分被淹没,但水体有增温作用,为扩大栽培提供了有利的条件。研究了万县－重庆沿江两岸河谷地段与非河谷地段适宜载种范围     

玉米育苗移栽防御低温冷害和春旱试验研究

为防御玉米低温冷害和春旱,在吉林省东部开展了玉米育苗移栽田间试验。结果表明,玉米育苗移栽是一项简便有效的防灾、减灾实用技术。利用该项技术可增加220～250℃·d积温,因此可采用较当地大田播种生育期长10～15天、所需积温多230℃·d的偏晚熟品种,以避开播种出苗期干旱;产量和产值分别提高40%和35%左右,并可提早成熟,防霜害,提高玉米品质。     

Solid phase microextraction (SPME) as an effective means to isolate degradation products in polymers

A new sample preparation technique, solid phase microextraction (SPME), was compared with direct headspace-GC-MS with respect to the type and amount of identified compounds. Three types of LDPE films containing photosensitising additives according to the Scott-Gilead patents and pure LDPE were used as model substances. The polyethylene films were thermally aged at 80‡C after the induction period was surpassed by subjecting the materials to 100 h of UV radiation. The new SPME method was developed using nonpolar poly(dimethylsiloxane) and polar carbowax fibers to extract the low molecular weight products formed in the polyethylene films during aging. Many more products were identified after SPME followed by GC-MS than after direct headspace-GC-MS of the samples. The SPME method allowed the identification of homologous series of carboxylic acids, ketones, and furanones, while direct headspace-GC-MS identified only a few carboxylic acids (C1-C6) and small amounts of some ketones and furanones. In general, SPME was more effective in extracting less volatile products, and in particular, the polar carbowax fiber identified also C7-C12 carboxylic acids and 4-oxopentanoic acid. By SEC and FTIR we confirmed that the number and amount of former degradation products correlated well with the decrease in molecular weights and the amount of formed carbonyl compounds.     

固相微萃取-毛细管气相色谱法快速分析水中酚类化合物

固相微萃取是一种快速、简便、集萃取浓缩进样于一体的样品前处理技术,具有分析时间短、灵敏度高、无需有机溶剂的优点.本工作用固相微萃取富集水中酚类化合物,毛细管气相色谱分离分析,整个分析过程只需45min,检出限可达1.0～10.0μg/L,已用于地面水、海水、工厂废水中酚类化合物含量的测定.     

Surfactant dissolution and mobilization of LNAPL contaminants in aquifers

Improper disposal, accidental spills and leaks of non-aqueousphase liquids (NAPL) such as gasoline, fuel oil and creosote result in long-term persistent sources of groundwater pollution.Column and 2-D tanks experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of surfactant-enhanced recovery of light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPL) in groundwater aquifers. These experiments focused on the use of surfactants to promote dissolution and mobilization in addition to evaluating the increase of aqueous phase permeability as residual NAPL is recovered. Further experiments are presented that show the innovative use of surfactants during primary pumping to recover free product canpotentially increase the amount of free product recovered, canpotentially reduce the amount of residual NAPL remaining afterprimary pumping and performs better than the use of surfactantsto mobilize trapped residual NAPL.     

微生物降解炼油厂含酚废水的实验研究

采用燕化集团公司炼油事业部污水厂的活性污泥为菌源 ,好氧条件下通过分离、驯化筛选出三种高效降酚微生物。并在实验室模拟三相生物流化床分别对人工含酚废水和燕山石化炼油厂含酚废水进行降解实验 ,结果显示 ,在三相生物流化床中使用微生物包埋法制作的海藻酸钙载体处理含酚废水 ,3小时段内降酚显著 ,t -testP <0 0 1,处理效果良好 ,并以海藻酸钠为主要原料制作载体可以极大降低处理成本