Testing for thresholds of ecosystem collapse in seagrass meadows

Although the public desire for healthy environments is clear‐cut, the science and management of ecosystem health has not been as simple. Ecological systems can be dynamic and can shift abruptly from one ecosystem state to another. Such unpredictable shifts result when ecological thresholds are crossed; that is, small cumulative increases in an environmental stressor drive a much greater change than could be predicted from linear effects, suggesting an unforeseen tipping point is crossed. In coastal waters, broad‐scale seagrass loss often occurs as a sudden event associated with human‐driven nutrient enrichment (eutrophication). We tested whether the response of seagrass ecosystems to coastal nutrient enrichment is subject to a threshold effect. We exposed seagrass plots to different levels of nutrient enrichment (dissolved inorganic nitrogen) for 10 months and measured net production. Seagrass response exhibited a threshold pattern when nutrient enrichment exceeded moderate levels: there was an abrupt and large shift from positive to negative net leaf production (from approximately 0.04 leaf production to 0.02 leaf loss per day). Epiphyte load also increased as nutrient enrichment increased, which may have driven the shift in leaf production. Inadvertently crossing such thresholds, as can occur through ineffective management of land‐derived inputs such as wastewater and stormwater runoff along urbanized coasts, may account for the widely observed sudden loss of seagrass meadows. Identification of tipping points may improve not only adaptive‐management monitoring that seeks to avoid threshold effects, but also restoration approaches in systems that have crossed them.     

Single-solute and bi-solute sorption of phenanthrene and pyrene onto pine needle cuticular fractions

To better understand interaction mechanisms of pine needles with persistent organic pollutants, single-solute and bi-solute sorption of phenanthrene and pyrene onto isolated cuticular fractions of pine needle were investigated. The structures of cuticular fractions were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and solid-state ¹³C NMR. Polymeric lipids (cutin and cutan) exhibited notably higher sorption capabilities than the soluble lipids (waxes), while cellulose showed little affinity with sorbates. With the coexistence of the amorphous cellulose, the sorption of cutan (aromatic core) was completely inhibited, so the cutin components (nonpolar aliphatic moieties) dominated the sorption of bulk needle cuticle. By the consumption of the amorphous cellulose under acid hydrolysis, sorption capacities of the de-sugared fractions were dramatically enhanced, which controlled by the exposed aromatic cores and the aliphatic moieties. Furthermore, the de-sugared fractions demonstrated nonlinear and competitive sorption due to the specific interaction between aromatic cores and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法同时测定水中12种磺酰脲类除草剂

采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱法同时测定水中12种磺酰脲类除草剂,样品经磷酸调节pH值为2后,经Watens Oasis HLB SPE柱净化浓缩,乙腈洗脱,选择检测波长为230 nm,以乙腈-水溶液(0.02%磷酸)为流动相梯度洗脱,保留时间在14 min～32 min范围内.12种磺酰脲类除草剂在0.050 mg/L～...     

5MHz～20GHz低相位噪声频率源的研制

低相位噪声源是一种频率准确度、稳定度都很高且相位噪声又非常低的频率源.本文在简要着重描述了VCXO压控晶振锁相源、高频单元、低相位噪声微波倍频链、低噪声直流稳压电源等低相位噪声频率源关键部件的设计和研制过程.所研发的低相位噪声频率源的频率范围从5 MHz至20 C Hz点频输出,在100MHz频率时相噪达-176dBc...     

固相微萃取涂层的研究进展

固相微萃取是一种新型的样品前处理技术.萃取头涂层是固相微萃取的核心,涂层的性质对萃取的选择性和灵敏度起着决定性作用,综述了固相微萃取涂层的发展及其应用.     

福建省饮用水源地植被缓冲带建设规划研究

饮用水水源地是水环境的重要组成部分,是水环境功能区划中具有最高使用功能的水域。本研究通过对福建省饮用水源地保护区周边不同类型植被缓冲带的生态调查的基础上,对植被缓冲带的结构和布局、缓冲带宽度要求以及缓冲带植被选择和配置等要素方面进行设计,提出三种不同类型饮用水源地的植被缓冲带规划建设。本研究对于保护水源地水质,保障饮水安全和人民身体健康,促进资源的可持续利用和生态、环境的可持续保护有着重要的作用。     

多孔介质中NAPLs流体毛细管指进形态及分形表征

非水相流体(non-aqueous phase liquids,NAPLs)如石油烃类和有机溶剂类污染土壤和地下水引起了广泛关注.不同粒径多孔介质中不同性质流体入渗形态的识别是确定污染范围、有效修复土壤和地下水的前提.本研究选取不同性质的4种NAPLs流体,建立可视化砂箱模型,比较4种流体在不同粒径石英砂中指流形态差异,并引入分形理论对迁移形态进行定量描述.结果表明,NAPLs流体指进过程属于毛细管指进,主要驱动力为毛细力;同种污染物或同一黏度数量级污染物之间指流宽度和渗流面积变化趋势与毛细管数和邦德数变化趋势呈负相关;指流宽度和渗流面积随着介质粒径的减小和流体黏度的增大而增加;指流宽度和渗流面积与渗流面的质量分形维数呈正相关,质量分形维数可以作为指流宽度和渗流面积的指示指标.     

高热流密度阵列的温度一致性工程化设计研究

目的研究一种提高高热流密度条件下热源阵列温度一致性的工程化设计方法。方法基于微通道内相变传热的原理,在结构上创新的设计保证通道内各处冷却液的温度尽量在工质的相变点附近,从而缩小各热源之间的温度差异。对一体化综合热物理样机进行数字建模,通过数值模拟的方法,对样机进行稳态的流动和传热分析。结果验证了集总参数仿真的可行性,并获得了样机的流场和温度场分布。结论该样机经由微通道相变强化传热之后,各热源间具有较小的温差,可进行工程化应用。     

PICRUSt2 functionally predicts organic compounds degradation and sulfate reduction pathways in an acidogenic bioreactor

• Over 70% reduction of sulfate was achieved for sulfate less than 12000 mg/L. • The decrease of genes encoding (EC: 1.3.8.1) induced the accumulation of VFAs. • The sulfate reduction genes were primary carried by genus Desulfovibrio. • Sulfate favored assimilatory, but inhibited dissimilatory sulfate reduction process. For comprehensive insights into the influences of sulfate on performance, microbial community and metabolic pathways in the acidification phase of a two-phase anaerobic system, a laboratory-scale acidogenic bioreactor was continuously operated to treat wastewater with elevated sulfate concentrations from 2000 to 14000 mg/L. The results showed that the acidogenic bioreactor could achieve sulfate reduction efficiency of greater than 70% for influent sulfate content less than 12000 mg/L. Increased sulfate induced the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs), especially propionate and butyrate, which was the primary negative effects to system performance under the high-sulfate environment. High-throughput sequencing coupled with PICRUSt2 uncovered that the accumulation of VFAs was triggered by the decreasing of genes encoding short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC: 1.3.8.1), regulating the transformation of propanoyl-CoA to propenoyl-CoA and butanoyl-CoA to crotonyl-CoA of propionate and butyrate oxidation pathways, which made these two process hardly proceed. Besides, genes encoding (EC: 1.3.8.1) were mainly carried by order Clostridiales. Desulfovibrio was the most abundant sulfate-reducing bacteria and identified as the primary host of dissimilatory sulfate reduction functional genes. Functional analysis indicated the dissimilatory sulfate reduction process predominated under a low sulfate environment, but was not favored under the circumstance of high-sulfate. With the increase of sulfate, the assimilatory sulfate reduction process finally overwhelmed dissimilatory as the dominant sulfate reduction pathway in acidogenic bioreactor.     

在线固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱快速测定地表水中磺胺类抗生素

建立了在线固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱联用技术测定地表水中痕量磺胺类抗生素的方法。样品经滤膜过滤,HLB在线固相萃取小柱富集纯化,以Acquity BEH 130为分析柱,三重四极杆质谱进行检测,外标法定量。通过在线固相萃取,并对色谱和质谱等条件进行优化,该方法检出限为0.2~1.1 ng/L,回收率为80.6%~113%,相对标准偏差<10.6%,浓度范围内线性良好（r＞0.9972）,满足了磺胺类抗生素痕量分析测试的要求,且分析时间仅需17min。该方法灵敏度高、分析速度快,对于保障水环境安全,及时提供污染信息,有效应对环境应急突发事件具有十分重要的意义。