Application of a novel cold activated carbon fiber-solid phase microextraction for analysis of organochlorine pesticides in soil

A novel and simple analytical procedure using cold activated carbon fiber-solid phase microextraction (CACF-SPME) was applied to determine organochlorine pesticides (OCs) in soil samples. The pesticides in this study consist of α -, β -, γ -, and δ -hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH). By heating the sample while cooling the fiber, the developed method not only provides better performance in terms of sensitivity, linearity and recovery but also offers shorter adsorption procedure than that of traditional headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME). The experimental conditions such as the amount of water, adsorption time and adsorption temperature were optimized. Matrix effects were investigated with different types of soils. We concluded that using the standard addition method was required for quantification purposes. The limits of detection obtained using the proposed method range from 0.01 to 0.05 ng/g, and the recoveries for CACF-SPME are in the range of 80.01% to 89.68% with relative standard deviation (RSDs) better than 8.60%. The proposed method was further applied to determine OCs in real agricultural soil. The results are in good agreement with those obtained using traditional ultrasonic extraction. The research demonstrates the suitability of the CACF-SPME for the analysis of OCs in soil.     

Degradation kinetics of forchlorfenuron in typical grapevine soils of India and its influence on specific soil enzyme activities

The rate of degradation of forchlorfenuron, a cytokinin-based plant growth regulator (PGR) was explored in typical grapevine soils of India with simultaneous evaluation of its effect on biochemical attributes of the test soils in terms of the activities of specific soil microbial enzymes. In all the test soils, namely clay, sandy-loam and silty-clay, the dissipation rate was faster at the beginning, which slowed down with time, indicating a non-linear pattern of degradation. Degradation in soils could best be explained by two-compartment 1st + 1st order kinetics with half-life ranging between 4–10 days. The results suggest that organic matter might be playing a major role in influencing the rate of degradation of forchlorfenuron in soil. The rate of degradation in sandy-loam soil was fastest followed by clay and silty-clay soils, respectively. Comparison of the rate of degradation in natural against sterilized soils suggests that microbial degradation might be the major pathway of residue dissipation. Changes in soil enzyme activities as a consequence of forchlorfenuron treatment were studied for extra-cellular enzymes namely acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and β -glucosidase and intracellular enzyme-dehydrogenase. Although small changes in enzyme activities were observed, forchlorfenuron did not have any significant deleterious effect on the enzymatic activity of the test soils. Simple correlation studies between degradation percentage and individual enzyme activities did not establish any significant relationships. The pattern and change of enzyme activity was primarily the effect of the incubation period rather than the effect of forchlorfenuron itself.     

全球气候变化背景下吉林省生长季水热变化及其种植策略研究

论文旨在揭示全球气候变化背景下,吉林省平原地区和林区的低、 中、 高海拔地区生长季水热变化规律,并据此提出各地区作物种植调整途径。研究结果表明:平原地区生长季积温增加和生长季长度延长及初日提前、 终日延后的变化最大,种植策略的调整空间最大;林区中、 高海拔地区的生长季长度和积温变化大于低海拔地区,三个海拔地区生长季长度的变化主要是生长季终日延后贡献的。以玉米种植为例,平原地区可提前播种时间,延后收获时间,改种晚熟品种代替中晚熟品种;为躲避严重的春旱,其西部地区可延后播种时间,仍然种植中晚熟品种。林区低海拔地区玉米种植以中晚熟品种代替中熟品种,林区中海拔地区用中早熟、 中熟品种代替早熟、 中早熟品种,林区高海拔地区可用中早熟品种代替极早、 早熟品种,三个地区主要通过延后收获时间,达到作物成熟所需热量。     

紫云英对污染土壤上叶菜生长及其镉和铅含量的影响

为降低城郊菜地土壤叶菜可食部分Cd、Pb含量,通过3茬盆栽试验研究了紫云英(Astragalus sinicus L.)绿肥对重金属污染菜地上的叶菜生长、叶菜镉铅含量及土壤Cd、Pb活性形态(土壤溶液中Cd、Pb浓度及DTPA浸提态)的影响.结果表明,与对照相比,紫云英显著提高了供试生菜和苋菜的地上部生物量;但对DTPA-Cd和DTPA-Pb没有显著影响,对土壤溶液Cd、Pb浓度影响较小,没有显著影响供试生菜和苋菜地上部Cd、Pb含量.因而紫云英可以施用到供试菜地土壤上以提高叶菜产量,且不会提高叶菜Cd、Pb的食物链风险.     

Implications of Heterogeneous Chemistry of Nitric Acid for Nitrogen Deposition to Marine Ecosystems: Observations and Modeling

Size resolved particle composition and nitric acid (HNO₃)measurements from the ASEPS'98 experiment conducted in the BalticSea are used to provide observational evidence of substantialgas-particle transfer of oxidized nitrogen (N) compounds in themarine boundary layer. We then focus on the importance ofHNO₃ reactions on sea salt particles in determining spatio-temporal patterns of N dry deposition to marine ecosystems.Modelling results obtained assuming no kinetic or chemical limiton HNO₃ uptake and horizontally homogeneous conditions withnear-neutral stability, indicate that for wind speeds 3.5 – 10 ms^-1 transfer of HNO₃ to the particle phase to formparticle nitrate (NO₃ ^-) may decrease the N depositionvelocity by 50%. We extend this research using the CHEM-COASTmodel to demonstrate that, in a sulphur poor environment undermoderate wind speeds with HNO₃ concentrations representativeof those found in the marine boundary layer, inclusion ofheterogeneous reactions on sea spray significantly reducesmodelled NO₃ ^- deposition in the near coastal zone.     

Synthesis and Extraction Study of Calix[4]arene Dinitrile Derivatives Incorporated in a Polymeric Backbone with Bisphenol-A

Two new copolymers containing pendant calix[4]arene units with nitrile functionalities at their lower rim have been synthesized via nucleophilic substitution reactions involving 5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-25,27-bis(cyanomethoxy)-26,28-dihydroxy-calix[4]arene (3) or 25,27-bis(cyanometh oxy)-26,28-dihydroxy-calix[4]arene (4) with 1,5-dibromopentane and bisphenol-A. The phase transfer studies were performed by using liquid–liquid extraction procedures. It has been deduced from the observations that both copolymers show a good phase transfer affinity toward selected alkali, alkaline earth, and transition metal cations, unlike their precursor (3).     

砷胁迫对不同物候期香蒲根系分泌物的影响

为探究典型湿地挺水植物香蒲(Typha angustifolia L.)在砷(As)污染生境中不同物候期的根系分泌物变化特征,测定并分析了A s胁迫下的香蒲根系分泌物构成.结果表明:(1)香蒲根系分泌物主要包括烃类、酚类、生物碱类,枯黄期仅有这3类分泌物,幼苗期还有少量唑类,花果期根系分泌物种类最丰富,出现了特有的有机...     

固相萃取-超高压液相色谱-串联质谱法测定海水中16种磺胺类抗生素残留

利用固相萃取前处理方法,净化和富集海水中的16种磺胺类抗生素,采用超高压液相色谱-串联质谱法进行定性和定量检测,建立了完整的海水中磺胺类抗生素的检测方法,并对质谱条件、液相条件和固相萃取条件进行了优化。实验结果表明,16种磺胺类抗生素在0.1～100μg/L质量浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数均可以达到0.996以上,方法检出限为0.3~1.1 ng/L。对水样进行高、中、低3个质量浓度的加标回收实验,回收率分别为82.3%~125.7%,73.3%~125.1%和75.2%~119.2%,相对标准偏差为2.4%~12.0%。该方法具有操作简便、重现性好、灵敏度高的优点,可用于海水中磺胺类抗生素的监测分析。     

土壤理化特性对麦田N2O排放影响的研究

为了研究土壤理化特性对农田N2 O排放的影响 ,室外盆栽试验于 2 0 0 0年冬小麦生长季在南京农业大学实施 ,1 8个供试土壤分别取自江苏宜兴、江宁、六合、仪征及宝应等地的水稻土 .所有供试土壤的季节性N2 O平均排放通量为 1 94 8± 80 1μg (m2 ·h) ,最低和最高值分别为 61 0 μg (m2 ·h)和 393 6μg (m2 ·h) ,两者相差约 6 5倍 .单因子相关分析表明 :季节性N2 O平均排放通量与土壤有机碳含量、全N含量及C N比成显著负相关 ,相关系数 (r2 )分别为 0 541 6(p <0 0 0 1 )、0 450 8(p<0 0 1 )及 0 370 5 (p <0 0 1 ) ;排放通量与土壤pH成正相关 ,r2 为 0 4535 (p <0 0 1 ) .本研究未发现N2 O排放与土壤质地、磷、钾含量及小麦收获期地上部分生物量有明显单相关     

萃取-乙基化结合GC-CVAFS法测定沉积物及土壤中的甲基汞

采用硝酸和硫酸铜溶液浸提,CH2Cl2萃取并结合水相乙基化GC CVAFS的方法测定沉积物及土壤中的甲基汞。该方法平均回收率97.8%,相对标准偏差≤10.2%,方法检出限为0.6pg/g,具有所需试剂少,不用连续萃取,简捷易行,回收率高以及精密度好等特点。