微囊藻毒素-LR的提取与测定

采用固相萃取结合液相色谱的方法,对可能有微囊藻毒素污染的某水库中的藻体和水样分别进行提取分析,在藻体中检测出微囊藻毒素LR,并确定产毒的藻种为水华微囊藻。同时对微囊藻毒素LR的测定方法进行了一定探讨。     

Integrated relief design for gas-generating reactions: predicted vessel pressure course in dependence on the phase separation model

Pressure relief of a hydrogen peroxide decomposition in a top-vented vessel is simulated numerically using six phase separation models. The results lead to the conclusion that generally a parameter study will be required for relief design by simulation when a gas-generating reaction is considered. None of the phase separation models can be expected to be always conservative in contrast to the case of tempered systems.     

历史时期荆江洪灾及其成因分析

2000a来,长江荆江河段的洪灾与治理一直是举国关心的问题。本文通过对历史时期荆江洪灾史料的分析,发现荆江洪灾多数发生在气候比较寒冷时期,特别是在寒冷时期中的温暖期内。荆江洪灾的发生主要与上游洪流水量过猛有关,其次是由本区雨季连续阴雨和暴雨所造成。成灾的基础是河间平原地区的相对沉降,造成泄洪不畅。治理荆江洪灾的主要途径可考虑分洪出流措施。     

COD监测技术及其方法的发展

现在测定COD多数采用的是重铬酸钾硫酸回流法消解水样,此方法存在着消解后铬盐排放会造成二次污染、回流氧化时间过长、因使用剧毒的汞盐作掩蔽剂易引起汞污染等缺点。针对这些缺点本文将介绍一些新的方法和监测技术。     

城市污水处理厂各工艺阶段内分泌干扰物活性变化规律研究

使用固相萃取-酵母双杂交法研究了东北地区某污水厂内分泌干扰活性随季节的变化及不同处理单元的去除情况.结果表明,该法的EC50值为5.95×10-11mol·L-1,具有较高灵敏度.对污水水样检测得出,原污水及一沉池出水内分泌干扰活性雌二醇当量值分别为16.13～21.65和17.10～22.85ng·L-1,均以夏季最高、冬季最低;经过A/O工艺处理,二沉池出水的内分泌干扰活性降至3.37～6.76ng·L-1,以冬春较高、夏秋较低;整个污水处理工艺对内分泌干扰活性的去除率为58.1%～84.2%,平均为75.2%,也以夏季最高、冬季最低.研究还发现.二级生物处理工艺对内分泌干扰活性起主导去除作用,而一沉池对内分泌干扰物的去除能力非常有限,甚至较进水有升高现象发生.     

多环芳烃在西江高要段水体中的分布与分配

为了解西江流域水体中多环芳烃(PAHs)的深度和季节分布及其在溶解相和颗粒相的分配以及控制因素,分别在洪水期(2003年8月和2004年7月)和枯水期(2003年11月和2004年3月)采集了西江高要段水柱.结果表明,溶解相和颗粒相中PAHs的浓度分别为21.7~138 ng/L和40.9~664.8μg/kg;水体中PAHs的总含量(颗粒相及溶解相),洪水期大于枯水期.在溶解相中,PAHs的浓度随深度无明显规律;而在颗粒物中,PAHs的浓度都表现出相同的变化趋势,即中层水PAHs含量最高,表层水PAHs含量最低.溶解相和颗粒相中PAHs的浓度都随悬浮颗粒物的含量增加而增加.从PAHs组成特点来看,溶解相以3环的PAHs为主,而颗粒相以3~4环的PAHs为主.PAHs在颗粒相及溶解相中的分配系数(KP)不受颗粒有机碳浓度控制(R2为0.000 1~0.2),而受颗粒物浓度、及溶解有机碳浓度的共同影响(R2为0.15~0.36),尤其是溶解态的细小碳黑有机质的影响.西江高要段水体PAHs在不同季节的lgKOC值大部分超过经典平衡分配模型的上限.除了2003年11月(R2为0.000 4~0.12,p0.001)之外,其它3个季节PAHs的lgKOC与lgKOW均有较强的相关性(R2为0.29~0.91,p0.05).洪水期颗粒物的亲脂性强于枯水期.     

高键合量苯基化MCM-41的合成及其吸附特质

采用正硅酸乙脂(TEOS)为硅源,以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为结构模板剂,用三甲氧基苯基硅烷(TMPS)作偶联剂,在碱性介质中合成苯基修饰MCM-41(Phenyl-MCM-41),对比研究了合成方法和脱模方式。结果表明,在分步合成法中,采用酸萃取脱模方式不仅可除去表面活性剂模板剂,而且MCM-41表面的Si-OH反应活性较高,有利于提高键合量;室温条件下,采用TEOS和TMPS共水解缩聚一步直接合成Phenyl-MCM-41,可进一步提高有机键合量,且高键合量的介孔复合体具有高的热稳定性和很强的疏水性。以Phenyl-MCM-41作为固相微萃取(SPME)的吸附涂层材料,与HPLC联用,考察了对水样中邻苯二甲酸酯的吸附分离性质及其在黄河水样中的分析应用,该法具有操作简单、吸附速度快、线性范围宽和灵敏度高的特点。     

Improved preparation and identification of aristolochic acid-DNA adducts by solid-phase extraction with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Aristolochic acid (AA) is a known nephrotoxin and potential carcinogen, which can form covalent DNA adducts after metabolic activation in vivo and in vitro. A simple method for preparation and characterization of aristolochic acid-DNA adducts was developed. Four AA-adducts were synthesized by a direct reaction of AAI/AAII with 2’-deoxynucleosides. The reaction mixture was first cleaned-up and pre-concentrated using solid phase extraction (SPE), and further purified by a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). By the application of developed SPE procedure, matrices and byproducts in reaction mixture could be greatly reduced and adducts of high purity (more than 94% as indicated by HPLC) were obtained. The purified AA-DNA adducts were identified and characterized with liquid-electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS) and LC-Diode array detector-fluorescence (LC-DAD-FL) analysis. This work provides a robust tool for possible large-scale preparation of AA-DNA adduct standards, which can promote the further studies on carcinogenic and mutagenic mechanism of aristolochic acids.     

基于相空间重构理论的天津市近海水质混沌特性研究

针对我国近海水质污染呈现的复杂非线性特征,通过对混沌理论中的相空间重构方法进行研究,提出了一种新的完全基于环境监测数据的近海水质分析方法。以天津市近岸海域为例,首先,根据相空间重构理论,对近海各监测点的1维COD时间序列进行多维相空间重构,求得最佳嵌入维数mmin和吸引子关联维数D;然后,采用Wolf方法计算最佳嵌入维数mmin下重构相空间的最大Lyapunov指数λ1。计算结果显示各个监测点的关联维数D均在3.3左右,最大Lyapunov指数λ1均大于0,表明近海水质COD时间序列具有明显的混沌特征,近海水质系统是一个多维系统,貌似随机无规律的近海水质系统具有内在的、固有的规律。应用表明,该方法实用性强,为进一步采用混沌理论对近海水质进行预测提供了理论依据,非常有利于近海水环境的管理。     

Comparison of Indexes for Prioritizing Placement of Water Quality Buffers in Agricultural Watersheds1

Dosskey, Michael G. and Zeyuan Qiu, 2011. Comparison of Indexes for Prioritizing Placement of Water Quality Buffers in Agricultural Watersheds. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(4):662‐671. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00532.x Abstract: Five physically based, spatially distributed, empirical indexes were compared for the degree to which they identified the same or different locations in watersheds where vegetative buffers would function better for reducing agricultural nonpoint source pollution. All five indexes were calculated on a 10 m × 10 m digital elevation grid on agricultural land in the 144‐km² Neshanic River watershed in New Jersey. The indexes included the topography‐based Wetness Index (WI) and Topographic Index (TI) and three soil survey‐based indexes (sediment trapping efficiency [STE], water trapping efficiency [WTE], and groundwater interaction [GI]). Results showed that each index associated higher pollution risk and mitigation potential to a different part of the landscape. The WI and TI identified swales and riparian areas where runoff converges, whereas STE and WTE identified upland sites. The STE and WTE lack the fine scale of slope resolution and the accounting for convergent runoff patterns that can be important for properly locating buffers in some watersheds. The GI index indicates the existence of a shallow water table but the correspondence with WI‐ and TI‐identified sites was only modest. For watersheds where pollutant loading is generated by both saturation‐excess (emphasized by TI and WI) and infiltration‐excess processes (emphasized by STE and WTE), the indexes could be complementary. However, techniques would be needed for properly apportioning priority among sites identified by each index.