To investigate the effect of temperature on effective diffusion coefficients and retardation factors for Zn and Cd, combined
diffusion and sequential extraction analyses were conducted at 15 ˚C and 55 ˚C. The effective diffusion coefficients of the metals increased up to ten times according to the increased temperature. On
the other hand, the effect of temperature on the retardation factor depended on the retention mechanisms of the metals. The
distribution coefficient for Zn, which was mainly partitioned in the carbonate phase, increased up to two times with the increase
in temperature. On the other hand, the distribution coefficient for Cd, which was mainly partitioned in the exchangeable phase,
was hardly affected by the temperature change. Results of combined diffusion and sequential extraction analysis showed that
the effect of temperature on the heavy metals’ (Zn and Cd) migration through the compacted natural clay was influenced by
the combined effects of the diffusion coefficient and the retardation factor. Additionally, we could also observe the change
in retention mechanism for the metals with the change in pore water concentration. 相似文献
Food crops such as cassava, cocoyam and other tuber crops grown in mining communities uptake toxic or hazardous chemicals
such as arsenic, and cadmium, from the soil. Cassava is a stable food for Ghanaians. This study evaluated human health risk
from eating cassava grown in some mining communities in Ghana such as Bogoso, Prestea, Tarkwa and Tamso, which are important
mining towns in the Western Region of Ghana. The study evaluated cancer and non-cancer health effects from eating cassava
grown in the study areas in accordance with US Environmental Protection Agency’s Risk Assessment guidelines. The results of
the study revealed the following: cancer health risk for Tamso, 0.098 (RME – Reasonable Maximum Exposure) and 0.082 (CTE –
Central Tendency Exposure). This means that approximately 10 and 8 out of 100 resident adults are likely to suffer from cancer
related cases by RME and CTE parameters respectively. For Prestea, we have 0.010 and 0.12, which also means that approximately
1 out of 100 and 10 resident adults out of 100 are also likely to suffer from cancer related diseases by RME and CTE parameters.
The results of the study obtained were found to be above the acceptable cancer risk range of 1× 10−6 to 1× 10−4, i.e., 1 case of cancer out of 1 million or 100,000 people respectively. 相似文献
Dissipation behaviour of endosulfan and dichlorvos in/on cauliflower, variety Snowball-16, was studied during rabi season
(Sep.–March) 2003–2004. Endosulfan and dichlorvos were sprayed @ 350 and 110g a.i. with 115 g a.i., respectively, 80 days
after transplanting. Samples were taken at the interval of 0 (1h after spray), 3, 5, 7, and 10 days after spray (DAS) in triplicate
and residues were estimated on GC-ECD system equipped with capillary column. The initial deposits of 3.452 and 0.295μgg−1 of endosulfan and dichlorvos dissipated to 0.084 (97.56%) and 0.009 (96.95%), respectively after 10 DAS. Residues of endosulfan
reached below maximum residue limit of 2μgg−1 one day after spray and of dichlorvos were below MRL value of 0.5μgg−1 even on 0 day. Dissipation pattern followed first order kinetics for both the insecticides with half life periods of 1.81
and 2.08 days for endosulfan and dichlorvos, respectively. 相似文献
Objective: A novel anthropomorphic test device (ATD) representative of the 50th percentile male soldier is being developed to predict injuries to a vehicle occupant during an underbody blast (UBB). The main objective of this study was to develop and validate a finite element (FE) model of the ATD lower limb outfitted with a military combat boot and to insert the validated lower limb into a model of the full ATD and simulate vertical loading experiments.
Methods: A Belleville desert combat boot model was assigned contacts and material properties based on previous experiments. The boot model was fit to a previously developed model of the barefoot ATD. Validation was performed through 6 matched pair component tests conducted on the Vertically Accelerated Loads Transfer System (VALTS). The load transfer capabilities of the FE model were assessed along with the force-mitigating properties of the boot. The booted lower limb subassembly was then incorporated into a whole-body model of the ATD. Two whole-body VALTS experiments were simulated to evaluate lower limb performance in the whole body.
Results: The lower limb model accurately predicted axial loads measured at heel, tibia, and knee load cells during matched pair component tests. Forces in booted simulations were compared to unbooted simulations and an amount of mitigation similar to that of experiments was observed. In a whole-body loading environment, the model kinematics match those recorded in experiments. The shape and magnitude of experimental force–time curves were accurately predicted by the model. Correlation between the experiments and simulations was backed up by high objective rating scores for all experiments.
Conclusion: The booted lower limb model is accurate in its ability to articulate and transfer loads similar to the physical dummy in simulated underbody loading experiments. The performance of the model leads to the recommendation to use it appropriately as an alternative to costly ATD experiments. 相似文献
AbstractObjective: The current study investigated whether older drivers’ driving patterns during a customized on-road driving task were representative of their real-world driving patterns.Methods: Two hundred and eight participants (male: 68.80%; mean age?=?81.52 years, SD?=?3.37 years, range?=?76.00–96.00 years) completed a customized on-road driving task that commenced from their home and was conducted in their own vehicle. Participants’ real-world driving patterns for the preceding 4-month period were also collected via an in-car recording device (ICRD) that was installed in each participant’s vehicle.Results: During the 4-month period prior to completing the on-road driving task, participants’ median real-world driving trip distance was 2.66?km (interquartile range [IQR]?=?1.14–5.79?km) and their median on-road driving task trip distance was 4.41?km (IQR?=?2.83–6.35?km). Most participants’ on-road driving task trip distances were classified as representative of their real-world driving trip distances (95.2%, n?=?198).Conclusions: These findings suggest that most older drivers were able to devise a driving route that was representative of their real-world driving trip distance. Future research will examine whether additional aspects of the on-road driving task (e.g., average speed, proportion of trips in different speed zones) are representative of participants’ real-world driving patterns. 相似文献