危险废物特性比较研究

介绍了中国、美国及欧盟等国家和地区危险废物危险特性的定义及其鉴别指标体系。通过对三者的优缺点比较,分析了我国定义危险特性存在的问题．提出了我国危险废物特性制定建议。     

上海市医疗废物控制系统建设设想

根据上海的实际情况，借鉴国内外先进的医疗废物管理、处置经验，从控制的角度全面阐述了上海市医疗废物控制系统的目标、集中处置系统以及配套系统等各个方面建设的具体设想。     

Laboratory scale studies on removal of chromium from industrial wastes

Chromium being one of the major toxic pollutants is discharged from electroplating and chrome tanning processes and is also found in the effluents of dyes,paint pigments,manufacturing units etc.Chromium exists in aqueous systems in both trivalent(Cr^3 )and hexavalent (Cr^6 )forms.The hexavalent form is carcinogenic and toxic to aquatic life,whereas Cr^3 is however comparatively less toxic.This study was undertaken to investigate the total chromium removal from industial effluents by chemical means in order to achieve the Pakistan NEQS level of 1 mg/L by the methods of reduction and precipitation.The study was conducted in four phase Ⅰ,the optimum pH and cost effective reducing agent among the four popular commercial chemicals was selected.As a result,pH of 2 was found to be most suitable and sodium meta bisulfate was found to be the most cost effective reducing agent respectively.Phase Ⅱ showed that lower dose of sodium meta hisulfate was sufficient to obtain 100% efficiency in reducing Cr^6 to Cr^3 ,and it was noted that reaction time had no significance in the whole process.A design curve for reduction process was established which can act as a tool for treatment of industrial effluents.Phase Ⅲ studies indicated the best pH was 8.5 for precipitation of Cr^3 to chromium hydroxide by using lime.An efficiency of 100% was achievable and a settling time of 30 minutes produced clear effluent.Finally in Phase Ⅳ actual waste samples from chrome tanning and electroplating industries,when precipitated at pH of 12 gave 100% efficiency at a settling time of 30 minutes and confirmed that chemical means of reduction and precipitation is a feasible and viable solution for treating chromium wastes from industries.     

建筑废弃物回收再利用项目运作模式刍探

建筑废弃物处理是城市建设中的一大难题,如果实行简单填埋,不仅污染环境、造成资源浪费,而且也耗费政府大量财力。介绍了深圳市龙岗区通过创新招标方式,公开出让特许经营权,引入企业运用先进技术对建筑废弃物实行综合再利用的一些做法,同时对城市建筑废弃物回收再利用如何实现规模化和产业化发展,以及政府在推动循环经济发展方面如何将经济效益与社会效益有机结合提出了一些看法。     

Primary and secondary organic aerosol in an urban/industrial site: Sources, health implications and the role of plastic enriched waste burning

PM10 samples were collected from an urban/industrial site nearby Athens, where uncontrolled burning activities occur. PAHs, monocarboxylic, dicarboxylic, hydroxycarboxylic and aromatic acids, tracers from BVOC oxidation, biomass burning tracers and bisphenol A were determined. PAH, monocarboxylic acids, biomass burning tracers and bisphenol A were increased during autumn/winter, while BSOA tracers, dicarboxylic- and hydroxycarboxylic acids during summer. Regarding aromatic acids, different sources and formation mechanisms were indicated as benzoic, phthalic and trimellitic acids were peaked during summer whereas p-toluic, isophthalic and terephthalic were more abundant during autumn/winter. The Benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent carcinogenic power, carcinogenic and mutagenic activities were calculated showing significant (p < 0.05) increases during the colder months. Palmitic, succinic and malic acids were the most abundant monocarboxylic, dicarboxylic and hydrocarboxylic acids during the entire sampling period. Isoprene oxidation was the most significant contributor to BSOA as the isoprene-SOA compounds were two times more abundant than the pinene-SOA (13.4 ± 12.3 and 6.1 ± 2.9 ng/m³, respectively). Ozone has significant impact on the formation of many studied compounds showing significant correlations with: isoprene-SOA (r = 0.77), hydrocarboxylic acids (r = 0.69), pinene-SOA (r = 0.63),dicarboxylic acids (r = 0.58), and the sum of phthalic, benzoic and trimellitic acids (r = 0.44). PCA demonstrated five factors that could explain sources including plastic enriched waste burning (30.8%), oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids (23.0%), vehicle missions and cooking (9.2%), biomass burning (7.7%) and oxidation of VOCs (5.8%). The results highlight the significant contribution of plastic waste uncontrolled burning to the overall air quality degradation.     

基于二次铝灰的地聚反应稳固化垃圾飞灰

基于工业生产铝过程中回收的二次铝灰（SAD）的地质聚合反应,提出了一种稳固化城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰（MSWIFA）的新方法,分析硅铝物质的量之比对飞灰中重金属浸出浓度及地聚物固化体力学性能的影响规律.结果表明,当硅铝物质的量之比小于2.5时,二次铝灰-SiO₂基固化体与偏高岭土-SiO₂基固化体中的重金属浸出浓度均随着硅铝物质的量之比的增加而逐渐降低,2种固化体的抗压强度随着硅铝物质的量之比的增加而增加;硅铝物质的量之比达到2.5时,重金属的浸出浓度与固化体的抗压强度均趋于稳定.XRD分析结果显示,偏高岭土-SiO₂基固化体中聚合物的种类与数量均略高于二次铝灰-SiO₂基固化体.但从重金属的浸出浓度与固化体的抗压强度来看,2类固化体对飞灰中重金属的稳固化效果的差别很小,二次铝灰加上部分硅基材料可以作为偏高岭土的替代品,用于稳固化飞灰重金属的地质聚合反应中.二次铝灰-SiO₂基固化体的抗压强度达到13.65MPa,具备一定的力学性能,可用于部分特定的建筑材料.     

淮南深部山西组煤中汞的含量分布及赋存特征研究

以淮南煤田深部山西组煤为研究对象,分别采集研究区张集煤矿和新集二矿二叠系山西组1煤层的煤样品,测试了样品中总汞的含量,分析汞的空间分布特征,采用浮沉实验、逐级化学提取实验以及相关性分析研究了煤中汞的赋存状态,并结合沉积环境探讨了深部山西组煤中汞的富集成因.结果 表明:(1)研究区煤样中汞含量介于0.03～0.93 μg...     

工业燃煤锅炉烟气循环方式下飞灰的汞吸附特性

为探究燃煤锅炉烟气循环方式下飞灰汞的吸附特性,利用固定床汞吸附装置,对立式煤粉沉降炉不同模拟烟气循环工况条件下形成的飞灰汞吸附特性进行了研究,重点考察了烟气循环比例、煤种、关键燃烧气体组分等因素的影响.结果表明:①烟气循环工况条件下形成的飞灰汞吸附能力明显优于非烟气循环工况（空气燃烧）条件下形成的飞灰,并且随烟气循环比例的增加,飞灰汞吸附量呈逐渐增加趋势.褐煤在净烟气循环比例为60%、40%、20%的条件下形成的飞灰汞吸附量分别是非烟气循环条件下的3.0、2.3和1.6倍.②烟气循环引起燃烧气体氛围中ρ（SO₂）与ρ（NO）的变化会影响飞灰的物化特性及其汞吸附性能.随燃烧氛围中ρ（SO₂）的提高,飞灰汞吸附量先增后减.烟气循环比例为40%且燃烧气体氛围中ρ（NO）为803 mg/m3条件下,ρ（SO₂）为2 857 mg/m3时褐煤与烟煤燃烧形成的飞灰汞吸附量较高（分别为0.45和0.75 μg/g）,分别较ρ（SO₂）为1 428和4 286 mg/m3时提高了25%~300%和53%~78%.随燃烧氛围中ρ（NO）的提高,飞灰汞吸附量呈逐渐增加趋势.烟气循环比例为40%且燃烧气体氛围中ρ（SO₂）为2 857 mg/m3条件下,ρ（NO）为1 205 mg/m3时褐煤和烟煤燃烧形成的飞灰汞吸附量较高,分别较ρ（NO）为803和402 mg/m3时提高了1.2~3.6和1.1~1.6倍.③飞灰中UBC（未燃尽碳）、CaO、MgO及Fe₂O₃可促进飞灰对汞的吸附.与褐煤飞灰相比,烟煤飞灰表现出更优的汞吸附性能,与UBC、CaO、MgO及Fe₂O₃在飞灰中的含量存在一定的正相关性.研究显示,烟气循环方式下飞灰汞吸附特性发生明显变化,煤质的合理选择、烟气循环比例、循环气体成分及浓度参数的优化控制可显著改善燃煤锅炉烟气中汞的排放控制效果.      

钢渣对水体中磷的去除性能及机制解析

针对不同类型钢渣在除磷过程中存在的显著差异,以电炉渣为研究对象,探讨了环境因素(吸附时间、吸附温度)对钢渣除磷的影响,验证了其对磷酸盐、焦磷酸盐及实际水体的除磷效果,联合采用扫描电镜(SEM)、能量色散X射线能谱(EDS)、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)和X射线衍射光谱(XRD)技术探究其除磷机制,对比分析了钢渣与陶粒和沸石...     

不同类型植物凋落物参与下炼锌废渣对斑马鱼抗氧化酶和神经毒性的影响

为评价矿山生态修复过程中植物凋落物参与下炼锌废渣体系浸出液对水生生物抗氧化酶和神经毒性的影响,通过模拟添加不同类型代表性修复植物(三叶草、刺槐、构树和法国梧桐)凋落物处理黔西北土法炼锌废渣,检测在不同处理废渣浸出液中暴露28 d斑马鱼(Danio rerio)组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、丙二醛...