酵母提取物对大型蚤急性毒性实验的影响

为了缩短大型蚤急性毒性实验的周期,并且验证毒性实验的灵敏度和稳定性,对投加酵母提取物饲养的大型蚤的生长周期、2次产卵时间间隔、产卵数量、以及幼蚤灵敏度和稳定性进行研究,并将其应用于已知毒性物质和环境样品的毒性检测.结果表明,酵母提取物的适宜投加量为18.00～22.00 mg/L.在该浓度下饲养的大型蚤可保持较好的怀卵量,生长至成熟期和2次怀卵的时间间隔较短,幼蚤的灵敏度较好,毒性测试结果稳定.采用此方法测定的4种重金属和4种有机物的大型蚤急性毒性的24 h-EC50和48 h-LC50与已发表的实验结果比较相近,证明该方法准确、可靠.将该方法应用于城市生活污水急性毒性的测定发现,投加酵母提取物饲养的大型蚤所产幼蚤可以明显区分生活污水原水和处理后最终出水.因此,采用投加适量酵母提取物饲养大型蚤的方法可以缩短实验周期,为测定环境样品生物毒性提供方便.     

利用废啤酒酵母泥对活性黑31的吸附特性研究

利用粉末状废啤酒酵母泥对水中活性黑31进行吸附去除实验,研究了不同溶液初始pH值、不同温度对活性黑31的吸附性能,继而探讨了其吸附热力学和解吸性能。结果表明：在强酸条件下（pH 3）,废啤酒酵母泥对活性黑31的吸附量最大;温度对废啤酒酵母泥吸附活性黑31的性能影响不大,温度从25℃升至50℃,吸附量只减少了9.9 mg...     

环境雌激素的生物检测与应用

环境雌激素问题已成为环境领域的研究热点。因此,建立简单快速有效的检测方法显得尤其重要。目前对污染物雌激素效应的测评主要依赖于生物学方法,文章主要介绍了子宫生长实验、肝细胞卵黄蛋白原生成实验、人乳腺癌细胞(MCF-7)增值实验、重组基因酵母实验、酵母双杂交实验五种主要的环境雌激素生物检测方法及其在国内外环境激素测评中的应用现状。     

Isolation of a novel yeast strain Candida digboiensis TERI ASN6 capable of degrading petroleum hydrocarbons in acidic conditions

A novel yeast species Candida digboiensis TERI ASN6 was isolated from soil samples contaminated with acidic oily sludge (pH 1–3) from the Digboi refinery (Northeast India). The strain TERI ASN6 could degrade 73% of the total petroleum hydrocarbons present in the medium at pH 3 in a week. This strain presents a dimorphic behaviour and showed mycelia morphology when grown under stressed conditions such as low pH and in a medium containing petroleum hydrocarbons. The C. digboiensis strain could efficiently degrade the aliphatic and aromatic fractions of the acidic oily sludge at pH 3 as confirmed by gas chromatography. During the growth of TERI ASN6 in dibenzothiophene (DBT), DBT-sulfone and biphenyl-2-ol were detected. An active cytochrome P450 system, implicated in hydrocarbon oxidation, was also detected in this yeast using degenerated primers based on its conserved regions. This yeast is a potential candidate for petroleum bioremediation treatment of hydrocarbon contaminated acidic soils. Its physiological behaviour allows the strain to work efficiently where other hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria may not survive.     

基于受体作用理论的类雌激素效应测试方法

以17β雌二醇为标准参考物质,对基于受体作用理论的环境激素分析方法实验条件进行了重构和优化,建立了环境类雌激素分析方法。结果表明:用营养缺陷型培养基30℃恒温振荡66 h培养时间进行重组基因酵母的复苏与增殖,20℃～35℃水浴样品与酵母混合液培养3～6 h暴露,优先选用机溶剂处理法释放β-半乳糖苷酶,35℃恒温水浴进行酶活测试反应,采用反应终止后2.5 h 420 nm波长进行分析测试,同时实际样品的分析,加测不少于一个的稀释水样效应值,可使方法更加科学高效、准确度高,应用于各类实际样品分析。     

提高平菇深层培养木质素降解酶活性和对直接湖蓝5B脱色率的探索性研究

以稻草为主要营养基质对平菇进行深层培养,研究了不同浓度(100、200、400、600、800 mg·L-1)直接湖蓝5B对平菇菌丝体产量的影响,以及平菇对不同浓度(100、150、200、250、300、400 mg·L-1)直接湖蓝5B的脱色率.此外,还研究了平菇分别与3种酵母菌(酿酒酵母、产朊假丝酵母和热带假丝酵母)混菌培养及用不同浓度(50、100、200、300、400 mg·L-1)直接湖蓝5B预适应培养的平菇菌种对木质素降解酶活性和直接湖蓝5B脱色率的影响.结果表明:100~400 mg·L-1的直接湖蓝5B均可显著提高了平菇菌丝体产量,而800 mg·L-1的染料对菌丝体的生长有显著抑制作用;染料浓度越高,平菇对其的脱色率越低,发酵时间越长,脱色效果越好.与平菇单菌发酵相比,平菇分别与酿酒酵母和产朊假丝酵母混菌培养可显著提高发酵体系漆酶的活性,平菇分别与所试3种酵母菌混菌培养时锰过氧化物酶活性均有显著增加,与产朊假丝酵母混菌培养时两种酶活性的增加量最大;用50、100、200 mg·L-1直接湖蓝5B预适应培养的菌种接种可显著提高平菇分泌的漆酶的活性,而50mg·L-1和100 mg·L-1的则显著提高锰过氧化物酶的活性.平菇分别与所试3种酵母混菌培养,以及用50 mg·L-1和100 mg·L-1直接湖蓝5B预培养的平菇菌种接种,发酵体系对直接湖蓝5B的脱色效果有显著促进作用,其中,平菇与产朊假丝酵母混菌培养时脱色率最高,达96.3%.通过比较直接湖蓝5B脱色率与漆酶、锰过氧化物酶活性之间的关系可以看出,漆酶、锰过氧化物酶活性与脱色率间基本呈正相关关系.     

吸附Sr~(2+)后酵母细胞的絮凝特性研究

为寻求生物吸附处理重金属或核素废水的后处理途径,本论文以吸附Sr2+后酵母细胞为对象,通过对絮凝前后上部液相浊度分析,探讨了絮凝剂种类、液相初始p H、酵母细胞初始浓度以及絮凝剂量等因素对絮凝效果的影响;并探讨了PAC(聚合氯化铝)对吸附Sr2+后酵母细胞的絮凝机理.结果显示:3种铝盐絮凝剂对酵母细胞絮凝效果对比结果显示为:PACKAl(SO4)2Al2(SO4)3.对PAC而言,其在实验条件下对酵母细胞的絮凝是一个快速作用过程,在1 min内出现明显矾花现象,而60 min时絮凝效率可达到99%以上.Zeta电位分析显示p H为3~10范围内,酵母细胞与PAC之间的电位差值Δζ均在50 m V以上,其中最大可达68.4 m V,这将带来PAC对酵母细胞的快速絮凝,SEM和液相电导率变化分析也证实了这点.PAC可作为一种良好的絮凝剂用于对吸附Sr2+或其他重金属离子后的酵母细胞进行絮凝处理.     

酵母菌降解胞外聚合物提升剩余活性污泥的脱水性能

剩余污泥的脱水性能直接影响到污泥处置的效果和成本,提升污泥脱水性是污泥减量化的重要途径.本研究提出利用复合酵母菌群降解剩余污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)来提升污泥脱水性能的方法.首先评价了复合酵母菌群对灭菌后EPS中各组分的降解效果;继而将混合酵母细胞接入剩余污泥中进行曝气,考察了酵母菌对污泥脱水性的提升效能.研究结果表明,酵母菌对提取的EPS中蛋白质、多糖和核酸的降解效果明显,振荡培养72 h内最多分别降低了(60. 43±2. 73)%、(18. 94±2. 39)%和(48. 30±3. 37)%.向2 L剩余污泥中接入1. 5 g混合酵母菌湿菌体进行曝气,24 h后污泥的毛细吸水时间(CST)下降了(17. 19±1. 16)%,比对照组多下降了(7. 03±1. 35)%;与此同时污泥中EPS总量比对照污泥多下降了(17. 46±3. 91)%,表明酵母菌可以通过原位降解污泥中EPS来提高污泥的脱水性能.     

Ecotoxicological Assessment of Sediment, Suspended Matter and Water Samples in the Upper Danube River. A pilot study in search for the causes for the decline of fish catches (12 pp)

Goals, Scope and Background Fish populations, especially those of the grayling (Thymallus thymallus), have declined over the last two decades in the upper Danube River between Sigmaringen and Ulm, despite intensive and continuous stocking and improvement of water quality since the 1970s. Similar problems have been reported for other rivers, e.g. in Switzerland, Great Britain, the United States and Canada. In order to assess if ecotoxicological effects might be related to the decline in fish catch at the upper Danube River, sediment, suspended matter and waste water samples from sewage treatment plants were collected at selected locations and analyzed in a bioanalytical approach using a battery of bioassays. The results of this pilot study will be used to decide if a comprehensive weight-of-evidence study is needed. Methods Freeze-dried sediments and suspended particulate matters were extracted with acetone in a Soxhlet apparatus. Organic pollutants from sewage water were concentrated using XAD-resins. In order to investigate the ecotoxicological burden, the following bioassays were used: (1) neutral red assay with RTL-W1 cells (cytotoxicity), (2) comet assay with RTLW1 cells (genotoxicity), (3) Arthrobacter globiformis dehydrogenase assay (toxicity to bacteria), (4) yeast estrogen screen assay (endocrine disruption), (5) fish egg assay with the zebrafish (Danio rerio; embryo toxicity) and (6) Ames test with TA98 (mutagenicity). Results and Discussion The results of the in vitro tests elucidated a considerable genotoxic, cytotoxic, mutagenic, bacteriotoxic, embryotoxic and estrogenic burden in the upper Danube River, although with a very inhomogeneous distribution of effects. The samples taken from Riedlingen, for example, induced low embryo toxicity, but the second highest 17β-estradiol equivalent concentration (1.8 ng/L). Using the fish egg assay with native sediments, a broad range of embryotoxic effects could be elucidated, with clear-cut dose-response relationships for the embryotoxic effects of contaminated sediments. With native sediments, embryotoxicity was clearly higher than with corresponding pore waters, thus corroborating the view that – at least for fish eggs – the bioavailability of particle-bound lipophilic substances in native sediments is higher than generally assumed. The effect observed most frequently in the fish egg assay was a developmental delay. A comparison of our own results with locations along the rivers Rhine and Neckar demonstrated similar or even higher ranges of ecotoxicological burdens in the Danube River. Conclusions The complex pattern of ecotoxicological effects caused by environmental samples from the Danube River, when assessed in an in vitro biotest battery using both acute and more specific endpoints, showed that integration of different endpoints is essential for appropriate hazard assessment. Overall, the ecotoxicological hazard potential shown has indeed to be considered as one potential reason for the decline in fish catches at the upper Danube River. However, based on the results of this pilot study, it is not possible to elucidate that chemically induced alterations are responsible for the fish decline. Recommendations and Perspective . In order to confirm the ecological relevance of the in vitro results for the situation in the field and especially for the decline of the grayling and other fishes, further integrated investigations are required. For linking the weight of evidence obtained by in vitro assays and fish population investigations, the application of additional, more specific biomarkers (e.g. vitellogenin induction, EROD and micronucleus assay) has been initiated in fish taken from the field as well as in situ investigations.     

普鲁士蓝@酵母菌催化剂的合成及其Fenton性能

自组装合成普鲁士蓝@酵母菌(PB@yeast)非均相Fenton催化剂,场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、能量色谱(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)等表征结果表明PB纳米颗粒成功负载于酵母菌表面,形成稳定且高度分散的核壳结构复合微球;荧光增白剂CXT降解实验结果证明该复合微球兼备吸附与Fenton催化性能,酵母菌载体的吸附作用加快了废水中荧光增白剂CXT向催化剂活性位点的转移,促进FeⅢ-FeⅡ电子传递,显著提高了Fenton反应催化活性,酵母载体增强了PB纳米粒子的分散度与稳定性,有效解决PB纳米催化剂易团聚、易溶解的问题.PB@yeast催化剂经循环使用4次后对荧光增白剂CXT的去除效率无明显下降,表现出较好的催化效果和稳定性能.