Influence of furfural concentration on growth and ethanol yield of Saccharomyces kluyveri

Furfural is an important inhibitor in ethanol fermentation process using lignocellulosic hydrolysates as raw materials. In order to find out the furfural concentration range in which furfural inhibits the fermentation process, we used one strain Saccharomyces kluyveri selected from soil and cultured in several different furfural content media under low glucose concentration condition. Experiment results showed that microorganism growth was stimulated and dry cell weight increased when furfural concentration in the medium was 0.25 mg/ml. Furfural had negative effect on cell growth when its concentration was above 1.00 mg/ml. At the same time, the strain growed better and had a higher glucose consumption rate in 5% original glucose concentration condition than in 3% original glucose concentration condition. The results showed that appropriate exaltation of original glucose concentration in stalk hydrolysates will increase the strain resistance to furfural.     

东北春大豆品种东生1号对臭氧胁迫的响应

采用开顶式气室(OTCs)方法,研究了不同臭氧(O3)浓度处理对春大豆品种"东生1号"的影响,主要包括产量与产量构成因子,叶片与籽粒碳、氮元素与碳氮比、盛花期叶片气体交换速率、叶绿素荧光参数与光合色素含量变化.试验设置3个臭氧水平:过滤大气(CFA,10 nL·L-1)、自然大气(NFA)与自然大气添加40 nL·L-1(NFA+O3).结果表明,经过一个生长季处理(AOT40值累积为10.6μL·L-1·h),与CFA相比,NFA处理东生1号大豆单株产量与百粒重降低4.5%、4%,而NFA+O3处理分别显著降低34%、18%(P<0.05),而处理间株高、主茎节数、单株荚数与每荚粒数均无显著变化.鼓粒期NFA+O3处理叶片C、N元素含量分别显著增加3%、26%,碳氮比则显著降低18%.CFA与NFA相比,NFA+O3显著降低盛花期大豆叶片净光合速率(Asat)、气孔导度(gs)、水分利用效率(WUE)、开放的光系统反应中心激发能捕获效率(F’v/F’m)和作用光下光系统Ⅱ的实际量子效率(ΦPSⅡ),而胞间CO2浓度(ci)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)和光合色素含量则无显著变化.结果表明,O3浓度升高导致东生1号单株产量下降的主要原因是其显著降低百粒重、净光合速率和电子传递效率.     

黄土高原土质路浮土径流产沙模拟降雨试验研究

目前关于道路侵蚀的研究较多,但针对土质路浮土侵蚀规律的研究尚未见报道,且浮土侵蚀由于浮土颗粒的特殊性质,与农地、撂荒地及道路侵蚀等有较大区别.因此,本文采用室内人工模拟降雨的方法,研究了黄土高原土质路浮土侵蚀规律.结果表明:1大坡度、大雨强时产流起始时间随浮土厚度的增大差异较小,并与雨强、坡度呈显著线性关系,坡度2°时产流时间较其他坡度滞后36.23%~52.57%,随雨强增大,产流起始时间可缩短38.57%~72.89%,开始侵蚀土质路路面发生在小区出口处.2径流量在产流开始后3 min内显著递增,增幅可达692.59%,该过程主要发生在单独浮土侵蚀时段,达到混合侵蚀时段后径流量趋于相对稳定,随雨强增大而递增,幅度可达29.84%~177.81%.开始侵蚀路面临界时间点随雨强的增大而提前,随浮土厚度的增大而滞后.3侵蚀速率在产流开始后9 min时出现转折,在此之前的单独浮土侵蚀时段波动剧烈,混合侵蚀时段在大坡度下随降雨过程持续递增,小坡度下趋于相对稳定.421 min时总径流量随雨强增大而递增,坡度对21 min时总侵蚀量影响显著,递增幅度可达15.44%~229.00%.本研究结果阐明了土质路浮土侵蚀规律,可为综合治理道路及浮土侵蚀,改善当地环境质量提供科学依据.     

油母页岩废渣对大豆产量影响分析

通过实验研究了施用油母页岩废渣对大豆产量的影响,试验结果表明,施用油母页岩废渣能促进大豆生长发育,显著提高大豆产量,其中,中量油母页岩废渣21t/hm2·a配施氮磷钾化肥的效果最好,其增产率达184.03%,但随着油母页岩施用量的增加,其增产效果下降。     

Importance of Crop Yield in Calibrating Watershed Water Quality Simulation Tools1

Surendran Nair, Sujithkumar, Kevin W. King, Jonathan D. Witter, Brent L. Sohngen, and Norman R. Fausey, 2011. Importance of Crop Yield in Calibrating Watershed Water Quality Simulation Tools. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(6):1285–1297. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00570.x Abstract: Watershed‐scale water‐quality simulation tools provide a convenient and economical means to evaluate the environmental impacts of conservation practices. However, confidence in the simulation tool’s ability to accurately represent and capture the inherent variability of a watershed is dependent upon high quality input data and subsequent calibration. A four‐stage iterative and rigorous calibration procedure is outlined and demonstrated for Soil Water Analysis Tool (SWAT) using data from Upper Big Walnut Creek (UBWC) watershed in central Ohio, USA. The four stages and the sequence of their application were: (1) parameter selection, (2) hydrology calibration, (3) crop yield calibration, and (4) nutrient loading calibration. Following the calibration, validation was completed on a 10 year period. Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiencies for streamflow over the validation period were 0.5 for daily, 0.86 for monthly, and 0.87 for annual. Prediction efficiencies for crop yields during the validation period were 0.69 for corn, 0.54 for soybeans, and 0.61 for wheat. Nitrogen loading prediction efficiency was 0.66. Compared to traditional calibration approaches (no crop yield calibration), the four‐stage approach (with crop yield calibration) produced improved prediction efficiencies, especially for nutrient balances.     

Quantitative analysis of microbial biomass yield in aerobic bioreactor

We have studied the integrated model of reaction rate equations with thermal energy balance in aerobic bioreactor for food waste decomposition and showed that the integrated model has the capability both of monitoring microbial activity in real time and of analyzing biodegradation kinetics and thermal-hydrodynamic properties. On the other hand, concerning microbial metabolism, it was known that balancing catabolic reactions with anabolic reactions in terms of energy and electron flow provides stoichiometric metabolic reactions and enables the estimation of microbial biomass yield (stoichiometric reaction model). We have studied a method for estimating real-time microbial biomass yield in the bioreactor during food waste decomposition by combining the integrated model with the stoichiometric reaction model. As a result, it was found that the time course of microbial biomass yield in the bioreactor during decomposition can be evaluated using the operational data of the bioreactor (weight of input food waste and bed temperature) by the combined model. The combined model can be applied to manage a food waste decomposition not only for controlling system operation to keep microbial activity stable, but also for producing value-added products such as compost on optimum condition.     

芜湖市土地资源人口承载力与可持续发展研究

作为人类赖以生存和发展物质基础的土地资源有限性与人口的增长加剧了人地间的矛盾 ,土地资源人口承载力问题日益引起社会关注。在总结芜湖市土地资源利用现状、特点和当前人口食物消费水平的基础上分析了土地现实生产能力 ,同时为预测芜湖市 2 0 0 0、2 0 0 5、2 0 10年人口数量、复种指数、耕地面积及粮食单产发展趋势而分别建立了一元线性回归模型与灰色系统 GM(1,1)模型 ,通过取其平均值以提高其精度 ;并结合温饱型、宽裕型、小康型与富裕型四种消费水平分别探讨了预测期内芜湖市土地资源人口承载力状况 ,最后从耕地总量动态平衡、提高粮食单产与质量及控制人口增长等方面提出了可持续发展对策 ,为芜湖市建立稳定、协调、持续发展的人地关系提供科学的理论依据     

环境流行病学研究中全血长期保存与RNA提取方法

RNA是在基因表达层面探究分子生物学机制的重要研究对象.由于RNA化学性质活泼、结构不稳定,并且内外源RNA酶无处不在,如何从环境流行病学研究收集到的全血样本中提取出高质量的总RNA是困扰研究人员的一大难题.本研究旨在建立一种能长期保存全血样本并从中提取出高质量总RNA的方法.通过将环境流行病学研究中采集到的少量新鲜全血立即与10倍体积的TRIzol试剂混匀后置于-80℃冰箱中,可保护RNA在长期保存过程中不发生降解.针对长期保存的全血-TRIzol混合体系,在经典的TRIzol一步法基础上,无需将全血样本分装至不含RNA酶的1.5 mL离心管,直接在较大操作空间(不含RNA酶的15 mL离心管)中进行总RNA相分离、沉淀、洗涤等操作,并在总RNA晾干前再增加离心并吸取少量残留液体操作,缩短自然晾干时间.本方法无需离心、分离血浆、裂解红细胞等繁杂的前处理步骤,极大地简化了操作步骤,减少了采样工作量,实现了对全血样本的低成本长期保存.通过增大操作空间、改进晾干操作,本方法显著提高了总RNA样本的完整性和纯度.使用本方法提取出保存一年的全血总RNA产率为(9.18±2.10)μg·mL~(-1),完整性指标RIN值和28S/18S分别为8.98±0.18和1.08±0.08,纯度指标OD_(260)/OD_(280)和OD_(260)/OD_(230)分别为2.18±0.04和1.70±0.00.保存两年的全血提取出总RNA的产率、完整性及纯度仍然可以满足下游实验要求.     

2013~2019年臭氧污染导致的江苏稻麦产量损失评估

基于2013~2019年江苏省115个监测站点的逐时臭氧观测数据和97个县级行政区的农作物年产量,利用AOT40的暴露响应关系,结合空间分析等方法,评估了臭氧污染导致的冬小麦和水稻两种农作物的产量损失.结果表明,2013~2019年,冬小麦和水稻的AOT40分别为（2.76~17.05）×10^-6h和（0.15~31.69）×10^-6,分别在2018年和2016年达到峰值.苏南地区水稻生长期的AOT40高值分布较多,苏北地区近3年两种农作物生长期的AOT40都有明显增势.2013~2019年,冬小麦年相对产量损失为17.7%~31.0%,年绝对产量损失达（1.94~3.75）×10⁶t.年产量损失最高的地级市是盐城和徐州,损失最低的是南京和无锡.2013~2019年,水稻年相对产量损失为8.6%~15.6%,绝对产量损失为（3.03~6.04）×10⁶t.年产量损失最高的地级市是盐城和淮安,损失最低的是无锡和常州.江苏省每年由于臭氧污染导致的农作物产量损失约相当于5000多万人一年的粮食消费量,臭氧污染对粮食生产安全造成了较为严重的威胁,应当采取有效的政策和措施控制臭氧污染,保证粮食生产稳定.     

粮食产量预测理论、方法与应用Ⅱ.粮食生产潜力短期预测理论、模型及其应用

粮食生产潜力短期预测结果可以检验粮食中长期生产潜力预测的准确性和为国家提供制定粮食生产战略的科学依据。粮食生产潜力短期预测理论即“趋势-波动理论”,它建立在粮食或作物“现状生产潜力”概念和“天-人-地概念模型”基础上,预测模型为最佳移动步长条件下的多年单产移动平均趋势模型,实际预测时采用系统预测方法。11个研究案例预测的平均误差为0.77％,最大误差为2.99％,预测精度高。本研究初步结论是：粮食生产潜力短期预测理论和模型是科学和实用的。