热碱-分步酶水解-厌氧消化工艺处理秸秆畜粪混合物料及其甲烷高值化条件

为获得秸秆畜粪混合物料在厌氧消化过程中的甲烷高值化产出,提出了一种新型"热碱-分步酶水解-厌氧消化"组合工艺.以玉米秸秆和牛粪混合物料作为实验对象,考察物料中纤维素、半纤维素、蛋白质获得高溶出效率的热碱预处理条件;分步投加纤维素酶和蛋白酶的剂量及水解时间;热碱预处理后的混合浆液和热碱-酶水解后的混合水解液厌氧消化甲烷产率及产气周期.结果表明,在80℃和0. 5%Na OH碱用量条件下,纤维素、半纤维素和蛋白质的溶出效率(%TS)最高,与未预处理相比(对照组),分别提高24. 84%、12. 24%和8. 92%;分步酶水解的过程和条件为:先投加80 U·g-1的纤维素酶水解18 h,再投加20 U·g-1的蛋白酶水解4 h,纤维素和蛋白质的水解效率可分别达到74. 08%和74. 01%,获得的水解液中糖类提高12～32倍;在厌氧消化阶段,热碱-酶水解后的水解液甲烷产量最高值可达750 m L·h-1,产气周期50 h,相比于热碱预处理后的底物消化(对照组),产甲烷效率提高了约14倍,产气周期缩短了约17 d.热碱-酶水解预处理能有效地解除混合物料厌氧消化过程的水解限速,研究结果可以为开发高效的农业废弃物能源高值化利用技术提供参考依据.     

An investigation into the energy use in relation to yield of rice (Oryza sativa) in Assam, India

Energy use scenario and resulting rice yield of 576 farms belonging to six agroclimatic zones of Assam, India were investigated. Input energy from eight distinct sources, viz., human, animal, diesel, commercial chemical fertilizer, farm yard manure (FYM), seed, pesticide chemical and machinery were determined on the basis of collected data and using standard procedure. Based on the power sources used and application of commercial chemical fertilizer, four categories of farms were delineated: (i) animal power without commercial fertilizer (APNF), (ii) animal power with commercial fertilizer (APF), (iii) mechanical power without commercial fertilizer (MPNF) and (iv) mechanical power with commercial fertilizer (MPF). The best-fit curve of energy versus yield indicated that use of commercial chemical fertilizer and mechanical power resulted in higher rice yield at higher level of input energy. Moreover, as the use of energy increased the yield increased up to maxima and then declined at higher levels of energy. This was observed in all four categories of farms with variation in yield–energy values. The average values of energy input (MJ ha⁻¹) and corresponding yield (kg ha⁻¹) for the APNF, APF, MPNF and MPF type of farms were (5220, 1980); (9050, 3170); (5100, 2360) and (8320, 3800), respectively. Renewable energy dominated the rice cultivation in Assam contributing more than 50% of the total input energy with the exception of MPF category of farm where share of renewable and non-renewable were found to be almost equal. Among the farm operations, tillage was the highest energy consuming operation followed by threshing, harvesting and transplanting for all four categories of farms. However, it was observed that rice yield was not positively correlated with tillage energy.     

活动式大罐收气装置及油气混输新工艺的应用

为了解决东营地区油罐每天都向大气排放工业废气，对环境造成污染的问题，研制了“活动式大罐收气装置”新工艺，用于回收联合站储油罐挥发气。该装置通过玻璃钢管线与油罐连接，油罐挥发气沿玻璃钢管线输至机房内气液分离器，分离出气中的水和轻质油，由天然气压缩机加压，经流量计计量后进入油田天然气气管网。该工艺推广后，经监测结果表明，所有采样点总烃含量低于国家标准２．０ｍｇ／ｍ３。目前全油田３０个联合站安装了此设施，每年回收天然气５１２５万ｍ３，轻质油７０００ｔ。