油田车队综合信息管理系统研制及应用

油田车队综合信息管理系统采用了RFID射频识别、GPS全球卫星定位和GIS地理信息技术,阐述了管理系统的系统硬件与系统软件.应用实践证明,使用该系统实现了车辆的场内和外部信息管理的统一,达到了车辆运行全天候、全方位监控管理的目的.     

绿色机动车—燃料电池汽车

简要叙述了燃料电池汽车的技术特点，主要有：能量转化效率高，ＣＯ２排放量比内燃机汽车低，基本不产生有毒气体，不要充电。在此基础上较详细地介绍了世界各国的燃料电池汽车研究现状，并针对上海市机动车污染严重的现状，提出了发展燃料电池汽车及其相关产业的建议。     

Vehicle emissions of primary air pollutants from 2009 to 2019 and projection for the 14th Five-Year Plan period in Beijing, China

Over the past decade, the emission standards and fuel standards in Beijing have been upgraded twice, and the vehicle structure has been improved by accelerating the elimination of 2.95 million old vehicles. Through the formulation and implementation of these policies, the emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NO_x), and fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) in 2019 were 147.9, 25.3, 43.4, and 0.91 kton in Beijing, respectively. The emission factor method was adopted to better understand the emissions characteristics of primary air pollutants from combustion engine vehicles and to improve pollution control. In combination with the air quality improvement goals and the status of social and economic development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period in Beijing, different vehicle pollution control scenarios were established, and emissions reductions were projected. The results show that the emissions of four air pollutants (CO, VOCs, NO_x, and PM_2.5) from vehicles in Beijing decreased by an average of 68% in 2019, compared to their levels in 2009. The contribution of NO_x emissions from diesel vehicles increased from 35% in 2009 to 56% in 2019, which indicated that clean and energy-saving diesel vehicle fleets should be further improved. Electric vehicle adoption could be an important measure to reduce pollutant emissions. With the further upgrading of vehicle structure and the adoption of electric vehicles, it is expected that the total emissions of the four vehicle pollutants can be reduced by 20%-41% by the end of the 14th Five-Year Plan period.     

面向尾气预测需求的VMT模型

车辆行驶里程(VMT)是机动车尾气排放预测模型的重要输入参数之一，VMT值的精确度直接影响了模型的预测精度。文中提出了一种VMT估算模型，该模型引入指数回归模型，结合采样交通流量和路段特征来估测所有路段流量和VMT，并按时间和速度进行了进一步划分，在实际运用中，该模型在现有技术条件下也易于标定。     

机动车排放检测运行体系的相关研究

机动车污染物排放标准与其检测方法是相辅相成的，不同的机动车检测方法对应不同的机动车排放污染物限值。该文主要对机动车排放检测运行体系中的怠速和简易工况检测方法进行了对比性研究，并对机动车实施常规检测的年检和监督手段的路检进行了对比分析，从而得出：工况法检测对于尾气排放情况的模拟要优于怠速法检测，并可对NOx进行有效控制，所以建议在有条件的地区，应该尽量实施工况法检测：年检和路检的数据有较大的差异，反映出对在用车的监督不力，今后应加强；高排放车辆的贡献率所占的比例与发达国家相比太小，说明机动车总体控制水平较低。     

A spectral power analysis of driving behavior changes during the transition from nondistraction to distraction

Objective: This article investigated and compared frequency domain and time domain characteristics of drivers' behaviors before and after the start of distracted driving.

Method: Data from an existing naturalistic driving study were used. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) was applied for the frequency domain analysis to explore drivers' behavior pattern changes between nondistracted (prestarting of visual–manual task) and distracted (poststarting of visual–manual task) driving periods. Average relative spectral power in a low frequency range (0–0.5 Hz) and the standard deviation in a 10-s time window of vehicle control variables (i.e., lane offset, yaw rate, and acceleration) were calculated and further compared. Sensitivity analyses were also applied to examine the reliability of the time and frequency domain analyses.

Results: Results of the mixed model analyses from the time and frequency domain analyses all showed significant degradation in lateral control performance after engaging in visual–manual tasks while driving. Results of the sensitivity analyses suggested that the frequency domain analysis was less sensitive to the frequency bandwidth, whereas the time domain analysis was more sensitive to the time intervals selected for variation calculations. Different time interval selections can result in significantly different standard deviation values, whereas average spectral power analysis on yaw rate in both low and high frequency bandwidths showed consistent results, that higher variation values were observed during distracted driving when compared to nondistracted driving.

Conclusions: This study suggests that driver state detection needs to consider the behavior changes during the prestarting periods, instead of only focusing on periods with physical presence of distraction, such as cell phone use. Lateral control measures can be a better indicator of distraction detection than longitudinal controls. In addition, frequency domain analyses proved to be a more robust and consistent method in assessing driving performance compared to time domain analyses.     

Impact of improving vehicle front design on the burden of pedestrian injuries in Germany,the United States,and India

Objective: European car design regulations and New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) ratings have led to reductions in pedestrian injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of improving vehicle front design on mortality and morbidity due to pedestrian injuries in a European country (Germany) and 2 countries (the United States and India) that do not have pedestrian-focused NCAP testing or design regulations.

Methods: We used data from the International Road Traffic and Accident Database and the Global Burden of Disease project to estimate baseline pedestrian deaths and nonfatal injuries in each country in 2013. The effect of improved passenger car star ratings on probability of pedestrian injury was based on recent evaluations of pedestrian crash data from Germany. The effect of improved heavy motor vehicle (HMV) front end design on pedestrian injuries was based on estimates reported by simulation studies. We used burden of disease methods to estimate population health loss by combining the burden of morbidity and mortality in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost.

Results: Extrapolating from evaluations in Germany suggests that improving front end design of cars can potentially reduce the burden of pedestrian injuries due to cars by up to 24% in the United States and 41% in India. In Germany, where cars comply with the United Nations regulation on pedestrian safety, additional improvements would have led to a 1% reduction. Similarly, improved HMV design would reduce DALYs lost by pedestrian victims hit by HMVs by 20% in each country. Overall, improved vehicle design would reduce DALYs lost to road traffic injuries (RTIs) by 0.8% in Germany, 4.1% in the United States, and 6.7% in India.

Conclusions: Recent evaluations show a strong correlation between Euro NCAP pedestrian scores and real-life pedestrian injuries, suggesting that improved car front end design in Europe has led to substantial reductions in pedestrian injuries. Although the United States has fewer pedestrian crashes, it would nevertheless benefit substantially by adopting similar regulations and instituting pedestrian NCAP testing. The maximum benefit would be realized in low- and middle-income countries like India that have a high proportion of pedestrian crashes. Though crash avoidance technologies are being developed to protect pedestrians, supplemental protection through design regulations may significantly improve injury countermeasures for vulnerable road users.     

基于COPERT模型的江苏省机动车时空排放特征与分担率

利用COPERT模型和Arc GIS技术建立了江苏省2015年1 km×1 km、小时分辨率的机动车网格化排放清单.采用改进的"标准道路长度"方法,利用路网信息以及拥堵延时指数的月变化、周变化和日变化数据提高清单的时空分辨率.基于COPERT模拟结果分析了分车型、排放标准以及道路类型的机动车污染物排放分担率.结果表明,江苏省2015年NOx、HC、CO、PM_(2.5)、SO_2、OM和BC的排放量分别为49.09、16.63、161.48、1.69、0.19、0.36和0.67万t,其中苏州和徐州排放量占比之和达34%~45%;HC蒸发排放量为2.02万t,占HC排放总量的12%;小型客车和摩托车对于HC和CO排放量的分担率最大,均超过30%;重型柴油货车对NOx、PM_(2.5)、SO_2、OM、BC的分担率在36%~54%之间,远高于其他车型;苏州和徐州的重型和中型柴油货车是NOx、PM_(2.5)的最主要排放源;国Ⅲ标准柴油车对NOx、PM_(2.5)、SO_2和BC的分担率均最大,在42%~55%之间;国Ⅲ标准重型柴油货车和国0标准中型柴油货车是全省NOx、PM_(2.5)、OM和BC的首要和次要贡献车型,两者分担率之和在40%~56%之间.国0标准摩托车对全省HC和CO排放的分担率较高,约为16%.     

基于AERMOD线源模式的城市路网一次PM2.5排放扩散特征研究

机动车排放的一次细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))易在城市交通密集区域和高峰时段扩散积累,形成高浓度的排放热点区域,对人体健康影响显著.本研究基于本地化机动车路网排放清单,应用AERMOD扩散模型对北京市六环内区域进行线源扩散模拟,探讨城市路网一次PM_(2.5)扩散浓度的时空变化规律与排放特征、气象条件和临时控制措施的关系.研究表明,在典型工作日的排放水平下,冬季工作日的机动车源一次PM_(2.5)模拟浓度日均值为2.94μg·m-3,夏季工作日为1.95μg·m-3.两季24 h浓度变化均呈夜间浓度高于日间的特点,但两季峰值在气象条件和排放强度的双重作用下又有所区别.冬季早晚高峰峰值浓度分别为日均浓度的2.3和1.7倍,而夏季早晚高峰由于扩散条件相对较好并未明显形成一次PM_(2.5)峰值.研究还以APEC峰会为例,评估峰会期间临时交通管控措施的影响.结果发现,在相似的季节气象条件下,APEC峰会期间机动车源一次PM_(2.5)模拟浓度日均值较峰会前削减50.1%,凌晨5:00达到小时最大削减率66.6%.冬夏季工作日机动车源一次PM_(2.5)扩散浓度的空间分布呈偏态分布,65%的浓度集中在30%的网格面积上.以冬季工作日为例,高浓度热点区域主要集中在各环路快速路、易拥堵主干道及省道、国道和高速路上,以上道路应成为排放控制的重点对象.