坦克装甲车辆主动防护系统发展研究

为了对当前国内外坦克装甲车辆主动防护系统的发展进行跟踪研究,阐述了主动防护系统的产生、定义、分类及组成,并详细介绍了"窗帘"、"竞技场"、"战利品"、"速杀"和AMAP-ADS等几种国外典型的主动防护系统,分析了主动防护系统的主要技术、系统发展水平及存在的不足,并对主动防护系统未来发展趋势进行了分析预测。     

基于 Visio 绘图仿真的装甲车辆限制路尺寸设置

目的科学设置装甲车辆驾驶考核限制路尺寸。方法采用Visio绘图工具,对装甲车辆车体、运动状态、道路进行模拟仿真,根据装甲车辆行驶性能参数,测算不同限制路尺寸的理论值。结果通过仿真测算,某新型装甲车辆通过的五杆弯道限制路理论最小总长为42 m,理论最小入口宽为4 m,实际尺寸初始值设置为总长50 m,入口宽为4.5 m。结论采用Visio绘图仿真的方法能够科学准确地进行装甲车辆限制路尺寸设置,为新型装甲车辆限制路尺寸设置提供有效的数据支撑。     

浙江省机动车主要污染物减排关键因素分析研究

浙江省机动车主要污染物减排是＂十二五＂大气主要污染物减排的重要组成部分,为完成国家下达的机动车主要污染物减排目标,根据浙江省机动车保有量及污染物排放量现状,预测＂十二五＂期间机动车增长带来的污染物排放情况,着重分析影响浙江省机动车氮氧化物排放量的关键因素,并从淘汰＂黄标车＂、提高油品质量和加强管理等方面提出相应减排对策,分析浙江省机动车主要污染物的减排可达性。     

全国机动车保有量——《2013年中国机动车污染防治年报》（第1部分）

环境保护部日前发布《2013年中国机动车污染防治年报》,公布了2012年全国机动车污染排放状况．．本期“研究成果展示”专栏以六篇形式连载。本文刊载2012年全国机动车保有量及其变化趋势的内容,以飨读者。该年报指出,（1）2012年,全国机动车保有量2．24亿辆。其中汽车10837．8万辆,低速汽车1145．0万辆,摩托车10400．0万辆。,与往年不同,汽车保有量已超过摩托车保有量,占主导地位．．（2）2012年,全国汽车保有量10837．8万辆。其中,按车型分类,客车占82．5％,货车占17．5％;按燃料类型分类,汽油车占82．5％,柴油车占16．1％,燃气车占1．4％;按排放标准分类,国I前标准的汽车占7．8％,国I标准的汽车占14．9％,国Ⅱ标准的汽车占15．7％,国Ⅲ标准的汽车占51．5％,国Ⅳ及以上标准的汽车占10．1％;按环保标志分类,“黄标车”占13．4％,“绿标车”占86．6％．．（3）2010—2012年全国机动车保有量呈快速增长态势,由19（106．2万辆增加到22382．8万辆,年均增长8．5％。其中,汽车保有量由7721,7万辆增加到10837．8万辆,年均增长18．5％;“黄标车”保有量由1558．3万辆降低到1451．4万辆,年均削减3．5％．     

全国机动车氮氧化物总量减排——《2013年中国机动车污染防治年报》（第Ⅵ部分）

环境保护部目前发布《2013年中国机动车污染防治年报》,公布了2012年全国机动车污染排放状况。本期“研究成果展示”专栏以六篇形式连载。本文刊载关于全国机动车氮氧化物总量减排的内容,以飨读者。     

A Vibroacoustic Diagnostic System as an Element Improving Road Transport Safety

Mechanical defects of a vehicle driving system can be dangerous on the road. Diagnostic systems, which monitor operations of electric and electronic elements and devices of vehicles, are continuously developed and improved, while defects of mechanical systems are still not managed properly. This article proposes supplementing existing on-board diagnostics with a system of diagnosing selected defects to minimize their impact. It presents a method of diagnosing mechanical defects of the engine, gearbox and other elements of the driving system on the basis of a model of the vibration signal obtained adaptively. This method is suitable for engine valves, engine head gasket, main gearbox, joints, etc.     

Behavioral Factors as Predictors of Motor Vehicle Crashes in Young Drivers

Gains in reducing mortality and morbidity from motor vehicle crashes can be achieved by understanding the behavioral factors that contribute to the elevated risk of motor vehicle-related injury and death. This study investigates the incidence, along with the effect of driver and behavioral factors, on the likelihood of motor vehicle crashes. Seventeen year old newly licensed drivers (n = 1277) in Perth, Western Australia, were recruited and followed over the first 12 months of driving. Using Cox proportional hazard analysis, driver and behavioral factors were assessed to determine whether they predicted the likelihood of a crash in the first 12 months of driving. The crash incidence rate was higher for males (1R = 4.6/10,000 driving days) than females (IR = 3.9/10,000 driving days). Multivariate analysis indicated that drivers who reported to have driven daily prior to obtaining their learners permit (L-plates) were at an increased risk of motor vehicle crash. A twofold increase in motor vehicle crash was apparent among drivers considered to be confident-adventurous drivers compared to low to moderate levels of driver confidence-adventurousness (HR = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.29-3.21). The research indicates that a driver's perception of their confidence and adventurousness in the road environment plays a part in the causal pathway leading to a motor vehicle crash. This research points to the need for preventive strategies that focus not only on knowledge and skill acquisition, but also the driver's perception in preparing young people for our roads.     

Elemental analysis of lightweight metal scraps recovered by an automatic sorting technique combining a weight meter and a laser 3D shape-detection system

To verify the effectiveness of a new automatic sorting technique that combines a weight meter and a laser 3D shape-detection system, elemental analysis of lightweight metal scraps generated in end-of-life vehicle (ELV) shredder facilities was conducted using a handheld XRF analyzer. According to their 3D shape and chemical composition, aluminum scraps were classified into cast alloy (Alc) and wrought alloy (Alw) fragments, and magnesium scraps were classified into irregularly shaped and rod-like fragments. The average chemical composition of a group of fragments was estimated before and after the separation test using the developed automatic sorting technique. The results show that the production of wrought aluminum alloy from the mixture of Alc and Alw fragments is not realistic because the contents of some alloying elements greatly exceed the standard values, although these alloying elements greatly decrease after the Alc fragments are separated out. For the magnesium scraps, after the rod-like magnesium fragments originating from the steering column were separated from the irregularly shaped fragments, the average chemical compositions of the rod-like products and the irregularly shaped products clearly approached the standard compositions of AM60B and AZ91D alloys, respectively. Thus, it was confirmed that the developed automatic sorting technique contributes to recycling of lightweight metal scrap in the automobile industry.     

汽车腐蚀试验常见腐蚀问题分析与防腐优化

本文以整车道路腐蚀试验数据为基础,介绍了常见腐蚀部位,阐述了影响腐蚀的相关因素。此外,通过防腐工艺对比,提出防腐优化建议。     

A case study on period vehicle routing in a refuse collection system

Period vehicle routing, a multi-period extension of the capacitated vehicle routing problem, is the problem of determining a service combination of each customer as well as the vehicle routes in each period of the planning horizon while satisfying the restrictions on the vehicle capacity and the travel distance (time). The problem can typically be found in refuse collection systems in which end-of-life products or wastes are collected and moved to the facilities where further treatment is taken care of. In this study, we report a case study on the problem for the objective of minimising the fleet size, i.e. the maximum number of vehicles simultaneously required over the planning horizon. To solve the problem, we adopt the two-stage heuristic in which an initial solution is obtained by assigning a service combination to each collection point, and then it is improved by changing the service combination assigned to each collection point. Computational experiment was done on the case data and significant improvement over the conventional method is reported.