废醋酸锌催化剂回收醋酸锌工艺研究

对从废醋酸锌催化剂中浸取醋酸锌进行了实验研究,考察了废催化剂颗粒大小,浸取剂种类和用量、温度和浸取时间等因素对醋酸锌浸取率的影响。     

脉冲等离子法烟气脱硫的放大实验

锅炉烟气进行脉冲等离子法脱硫的扩大实验，得到与模拟烟气实验相近的结果。研究表明，脉冲等离子法对锅炉烟气中的ＳＯ２去除率可达９５％以上，烟气在反应器内的停留时间（ｔｓ）、脉冲电源的放电功率（Ｐ）和添加ＮＨ３等条件，对脱硫效率９η）有较大影响。ｔｓ、Ｐ越大、η越高。处理烟气量（Ｑ）、能耗（Ｐ）与η存在函数关系：η＝１１８．０（Ｐ／Ｑ）＾０．１１１１。烟气中加入适量ＮＨ３，对脱硫效率有显著提高，以ＮＨ３     

全程自养脱氮工艺的研究

以悬浮填料床作为全程自养脱氮反应器，用不含有机碳的合成氨氮废水进行反应器的启动。系统的氨氮和总氮去除率分别达80％和60％左右。通过批式实验对全程自脱氮做进一步的研究。结果表明，通过控制反应器中DO的浓度，可以控制氨氧化和反硝化的比率；当DO为0.8mg/L时，氨氮几乎完全转化为氮气，氨氧化和反硝化在此时达到了动态平衡；在低DO情况下，氨氮和亚硝氮同时存在，氨氮和总氮的转化率都大幅度的提高，说明氨氮可以亚硝氮为电子受体，在无外加有机碳源的情况下进行反硝化。     

The influence of degree of substitution on blend miscibility and biodegradation of cellulose acetate blends

In this account, we report our findings on blends of cellulose acetate having a degree of substitution (DS) of 2.49 (CA2.5) with a cellulose acetate having a DS of 2.06 (CA2.0). This blend system was examined over the composition range of 0–100% CA2.0 employing both solvent casting of films (no plasticizer) and thermal processing (melt-compressed films and injection molding) using poly(ethylene glycol) as a common plasticizer. All thermally processed blends were optically clear and showed no loss in optical quality after storage for several months. Thermal analysis and measurement of physical properties indicate that blends in the middle composition range are partially miscible, while those at the ends of the composition range are miscible. We suggest that the miscibility of these cellulose acetate blends is influenced primarily by the monomer composition of the copolymers. Bench-scale simulated municipal composting confirmed the biodestructability of these blends and indicated that incorporation of a plasticizer accelerated the composting rates of the blends.In vitro aerobic biodegradation testing involving radiochemical labeling conclusively demonstrated that both the lower DS CA2.0 and the plasticizer significantly enhanced the biodegradation of the more highly substituted CA2.5.While this work was in progress, Robert Gardner was struck with cancer and died on June 6, 1995. This paper is dedicated to his memory and to his contributions as a friend and colleague.     

β-环糊精/醋酸纤维素纳米纤维的制备及对染料废水的处理

制备了不同β-环糊精(β-CD)含量的醋酸纤维素(CA)纳米纤维膜,并对纤维膜的结构形貌、尺寸分布、孔隙率、比表面积以及纤维膜的力学性能进行表征分析。随后研究了不同β-CD含量、初始浓度、吸附时间下,纳米纤维膜对甲基红染料的截留性能和吸附性能。结果表明:过量(≥30%)的β-环糊精会使纳米纤维产生珠节,纤维的形貌和力学性能变差;吸附试验表明,β-CD的加入提高了CA纳米纤维膜对染料的吸附,MR吸附率可达93.48%,最大平衡吸附量可达181.74 mg/g,比纯CA纳米纤维膜提高了将近40%;此外,染料的截留实验表明,纳米纤维膜对染料的截留效果较差,最大截留率为50.35%。     

电子供体对地下水中高氯酸盐生物去除的影响研究

通过静态实验,考察了电子供体类型及用量对厌氧条件下微生物去除地下水中高氯酸盐的影响.结果表明,电子供体醋酸盐和H₂的加入,可以明显提高ClO₄^-的去除率,驯化后的微生物去除ClO₄^-的速率比未加入电子供体时提高约1.4~3倍.Monod动态模型能很好地拟合两种电子供体环境下ClO₄^-的微生物去除过程,分别以醋酸盐和H₂作为电子供体时,基质半饱和常数K_s为12.6 mg·L^-1和2.2 mg·L^-1,最大比基质消耗速率V_m为0.45 d^-1和0.08 d^-1.动力学参数表明,本实验条件下,异养型混合菌去除ClO₄^-的效果明显优于自养型混合菌;在少数受高浓度ClO₄^-污染的地下水环境中,为了提高ClO₄^-的去除速率只有通过增加菌体浓度或提高微生物酶的活性来实现.随着电子供体醋酸盐用量增加,ClO₄^-的(比)消耗速率逐渐增大.当初始CH₃COO^-与ClO₄^-的比例为3.80 mg(COD)/mg(ClO₄^-)时,比消耗速率v最大(0.27 d^-1).     

气相色谱法测定大气中乙酸乙酯和甲基丙烯酸甲酯

建立了用气相色谱法测定大气中乙酸乙酯和甲基丙烯酸甲酯的方法。大气中乙酸乙酯和甲基丙烯酸甲酯活性炭吸附,二硫化碳解吸,DB-200毛细管柱分离,直接进样分析,氢火焰离子化检测器检测,时间定性,峰面积定量。本方法前处理简便,分离度好,分析灵敏度高,满足环境分析要求。     

UV/H_2O_2/草酸高铁铵体系中孔雀石绿的光降解研究

研究了UV/H2O2/草酸高铁铵体系下孔雀绿(Malachite green,MG)光降解过程中的影响因素,包括MG的初始浓度、初始pH值、投加H2O2浓度和草酸高铁铵浓度等。结果表明:MG初始浓度越低光降解越快,碱性条件有利于MG的降解,其最佳降解pH为11.0;随H2O2浓度的增加,MG降解率先增加后减少,在100mmol/L时,降解率最高;MG降解率随草酸高铁铵浓度增加而增加,于10.0mmol/L时MG降解率最高;UV/H2O2/草酸高铁铵体系的降解效果较强,交叉实验结果表明H2O2:草酸高铁铵浓度比在1～20:1时降解率均高于。因此该体系具有快速、简单、经济并高效率等特点,可应用于染料废水的降解和脱色工艺中。     

崇明东滩夏季沉积物厌氧氨氧化菌群落结构与空间分布特征

为探索长江口崇明东滩表层沉积物中是否存在厌氧氨氧化菌以及厌氧氨氧化菌的群落结构与空间分布特征,以崇明东滩高、中、低潮滩夏季表层沉积物中总DNA为模板,PCR扩增沉积物样品中厌氧氨氧化菌特异性16S rDNA片段,通过克隆、测序,构建相应基因文库,将文库中有效克隆序列分别提交到GenBank中进行相似序列搜索,并利用MEGA5绘制系统发育树.分析结果发现,克隆序列CM-L-7和CM-L-18与已发现厌氧氨氧化菌Candidatus"Scalindua sp."同源性达98%,CM-L-13与Candidatus"Scalindua wagneri"同源性达94%,CM-M-6与Candidatus"Kuenenia sp."同源性达94%,CM-M-22与Anaerobicammonium-oxidizing planctomycete JMK-1的同源性达95%,CM-H-15与Candidatus"Kuenenia stuttgartiensis"的同源性达94%.表明,崇明东滩高、中、低潮滩表层沉积物中均存在厌氧氨氧化菌,但所属菌属不同,低潮滩以Candidatus"Scalindua"为主,中、高潮滩以Candidatus"Kuenenia"为主.相比之下,中潮滩厌氧氨氧化菌群落结构较为复杂.部分克隆序列与已发现厌氧氨氧化菌存在较大进化距离,表明崇明东滩可能还存在其他具有潜在厌氧氨氧化功能的细菌.     

Effects of metal and acidic sites on the reaction by-products of butyl acetate oxidation over palladium-based catalysts

Catalytic oxidation is widely used in pollution control technology to remove volatile organic compounds. In this study, Pd/ZSM-5 catalysts with different Pd contents and acidic sites were prepared via the impregnation method. All the catalysts were characterized by means of N2 adsorption- desorption, X-ray fluorescence （XRF）, HE temperature programmed reduction （H2-TPR）, and NH3 temperature programmed desorption （NH3-TPD）. Their catalytic performance was investigated in the oxidation of butyl acetate experiments. The by-products of the reaction were collected in thermal desorption tubes and identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. It was found that the increase of Pd content slightly changed the catalytic activity of butyl acetate oxidation according to the yield of CO2 achieved at 90%, but decreased the cracking by-products, whereas the enhancement of strong acidity over Pd-based catalysts enriched the by-product species. The butyl acetate oxidation process involves a series of reaction steps including protolysis, dehydrogenation, dehydration, cracking, and isomerization. Generally, butyl acetate was cracked to acetic acid and 2- methylpropene and the latter was an intermediate of the other by-products, and the oxidation routes of typical by-products were proposed. Trace amounts of 3-methylpentane, hexane, 2-methylpentane, pentane, and 2-methylbutane originated from iso4merization and protolysis reactions.