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Ernest A. Meyer Joe Glicker Alan K. Bingham Roger Edwards 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1989,25(2):335-340
ABSTRACT: In a study to measure the efficacy of chioramines at inactivating Giardia cysts, the ability of cysts to excyst was measured after exposure to different concentrations of chloramines, for different times, and at different temperatures and pH. The chloramines were generated by mixing ammonium sulfate and sodium hypochlorate in water to approximate a 7:1 chlorine:ammonia ratio by weight. Times of 40, 80, 180, and 270 minutes; temperatures of 3, 10, and 18°C; target chioramine concentrations of 0.4, 1.4, 2.0, and 2.6 mg/L; and pH of 7.0 and 8.5 were the actual values tested. The combinations of these variables that were able to inactivate >99.8 percent of the cysts were a minimum chloramine concentration of 2.26 mg/L applied for 270 minutes at a water temperature of 10°C; and at 18°C, averaged minimum chloramine concentrations of 2.14 and 1.55 mg/L applied for 180 and 270 minutes, respectively. The minimum CT values corresponding to these combinations capable of >99.8 percent cyst inactivation, are 610 at 10°C and 385 at 18°C. Temperature was noted to exert a major effect on the ability of chloramines to inactivate cysts. Modifications of the methods used to generate chloramines may have an effect on the capacity of this disinfectant to inactivate cysts. 相似文献
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Yu Zhang Zhimin Chen Wei An Shumin Xiao Hongying Yuan Dongqing Zhang Min Yang 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2015,27(4):252-258
Membrane bioreactors (MBR) are highly efficient at intercepting particles and microbes and have become an important technology for wastewater reclamation. However, many pathogens can accumulate in activated sludge due to the long residence time usually adopted in MBR, and thus may pose health risks when membrane integrity problems occur. This study presents data from a survey on the occurrence of water-borne Giardia pathogens in reclaimed water from a full-scale wastewater treatment plant with MBR experiencing membrane integrity failure, and assessed the associated risk for green space irrigation. Due to membrane integrity failure, the MBR effluent turbidity varied between 0.23 and 1.90 NTU over a period of eight months. Though this turbidity level still met reclaimed water quality standards (≤5 NTU), Giardia were detected at concentrations of 0.3 to 95 cysts/10 L, with a close correlation between effluent turbidity and Giardia concentration. All β-giardin gene sequences of Giardia in the WWTP influents were genotyped as Assemblages A and B, both of which are known to infect humans. An exponential dose-response model was applied to assess the risk of infection by Giardia. The risk in the MBR effluent with chlorination was 9.83 × 10-3, higher than the acceptable annual risk of 1.0 × 10-4. This study suggested that membrane integrity is very important for keeping a low pathogen level, and multiple barriers are needed to ensure the biological safety of MBR effluent. 相似文献
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我国最新《城市供水水质标准》(2005年6月)提出了关于隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫的控制指标,但其推荐检测方法还没有产生.本文针对美国EPA1623检测方法中的3个关键步骤,在浓缩、分离和染色等过程中进行了相应的改进或替代,并对各种备选的方案进行了探讨和比较分析.结果表明,微孔滤膜过滤→乙酸乙酯福尔马林分离→改良抗酸 铁苏木联合染色具有较好的敏感性,操作简单且成本较低,适宜作为国内普通自来水厂的初级检测方法.图2表4参20 相似文献
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Stephen K. Sorenson John L. Riggs Peter D. Dileanis Thomas J. Suk 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1986,22(5):843-845
ABSTRACT: A water-sampling apparatus used for the isolation and detection of Giardia cysts in water has been designed and tested. The sampling apparatus uses one of a variety of pumps or waterline pressure to move water through a filter. Two of the optional pumps are lightweight enough to make the apparatus portable and thus suitable for sampling in remote areas. This technique of sample processing produces good cyst recovery in much less time than is required with previously established methods. Giardia cysts are identified using direct immunofluorescence. 相似文献
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通过考察在不同的絮凝剂种类、投加量、pH和温度等操作条件下隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫(以下简称"两虫")的去除特性,探讨了污水深度处理絮凝工艺去除病原性原虫的作用机制.研究发现,污水经絮凝处理后,水样中胶体的平均ζ电位与2种荧光微球(两虫替代物)去除率和剩余浊度的线性相关度不高(R:0.49、0.48、0.65);而2种荧光微球之间的去除率线性相关性较高(R=0.99),并且与水样剩余浊度的变化趋势呈一定的指数相关关系(R=0.92、0.95).因此,在本研究的各种絮凝工况下.卷扫网捕是去除病原性原虫和浊度的重要作用机制.在相同操作条件下,贾第鞭毛虫的去除率大于隐孢子虫. 相似文献
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Andrew S. Laughland Lynn M. Musser Wesley N. Musser James S. Shortle 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1993,29(2):291-299
ABSTRACT: A survey of individuals during a Giardia contamination incident provided data to calculate the cost of boiling, hauling, or purchasing water to avoid infection. Three different approaches to the valuation of time were used to assess the implications of the opportunity cost of time for the measurement of averting costs. Mean monthly household averting costs were $33.47 using family income to value time, $13.07 using the minimum wage to value time, and $5.60 using zero opportunity cost of time. Comparisons of the mean costs for different sources and household characteristics indicated the value of time from family income was too high and that the other methods of valuing time were superior. 相似文献
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免疫荧光法测定水中贾第鞭毛虫孢囊和隐孢子虫卵囊 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
采用滤囊过滤、振荡洗脱、离心浓缩、免疫磁珠分离、荧光染色和微分干涉相衬镜检计数等技术,检测水体中贾第鞭毛虫孢囊和隐孢子虫卵囊,介绍了其显微特征,方法加标回收率〉35.0%,相对标准偏差≤13.0%。 相似文献
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