污泥驯化和共代谢对吡啶和苯降解特性的研究

利用瓦氏呼吸仪测定微生物耗氧量的方法,研究了焦化废水及其中难降解有机污染物吡啶、苯的降解特性,并对吡啶和苯分别与苯酚共基质条件下的可生化性进行了研究。结果表明,pH值为7.2时,焦化废水降解率最高;当浓度小于40mg/L时,吡啶和苯可以部分被降解,浓度大于60mg/L时微生物呼吸作用明显地被抑制;污泥驯化有利于有机污染物降解速率的提高。初步分析了共代谢降解焦化废水中难降解有机污染物的生理生化特性。     

岩矿样品X射线荧光分析中多元素体系理论α系数的计算和应用

本文提出了岩矿样品X射线荧光分析中多元素体系的理论α系数的一种计算方法。假设试样由n个组分组成,其各组分平均含量为Cl(Cl=1,2,3,…k,……n),然后,假设某一组分的含量Cl相对于平均含量Cl有一微小变化量ΔC,并使每个组分相应变化一次,用基本参数法方程计算理论X射线相对强度;再按一定的数学模式计算相应的基本α系数,混合α系数和修正α系数。以实例计算了用于地质样品分析的各种理论α系数,应用于实际分析中结果令人满意。     

浅论α值对汽车尾气污染排放的影响

针对汽车尾气污染物排放浓度与过量空气系数（α）的关系，通过对实际车辆的测试进行了比较，说明α在0.85-1.05时，汽车运转时不但可达到最佳的动力性、经济性，还可降低尾气排放浓度，减少对大气环境的污染。     

纳米零价铁和过氧化钙联合降解土壤淋洗废液的α-HCH

采用纳米零价铁(nZVI)和过氧化钙(CaO_2)组成非均相类芬顿试剂降解土壤淋洗废液中的α-HCH,研究其降解效能及机制.结果表明,nZVI/CaO_2可在较广的pH范围内有效降解α-HCH,当nZVI和CaO_2的投加量为1 g·L~(-1),pH值为5时降解率可达93. 23%. nZVI和CaO_2单独或联合处理α-HCH过程均呈准一级反应动力学模式,联合处理的反应速率常数大于单独处理之和,表明两者联合降解α-HCH具有较好的协同作用.自由基淬灭实验发现,超氧自由基对降解α-HCH的贡献率远大于羟基自由基. nZVI/CaO_2降解α-HCH的中间产物主要是三氯苯和氯苯,其中三氯苯呈先急剧上升后迅速降解趋势,氯苯含量较低且变化较小,因此推测α-HCH主要降解途径是先还原为三氯苯,再继续还原为氯苯或矿化为二氧化碳和水.     

Effect of relative humidity and the presence of aerosol particles on the α-pinene ozonolysis

The α-pinene ozonolysis under the different environmental conditions were observed in a smog chamber. The second-order rate constant(k) was determined to be(7.25 ± 0.06) ×10~(–17)cm~3/(molecule·sec) under 20% of relative humidity(RH) and room temperature. RH showed a marked influence on the α-pinene ozonolysis. The value of k increased with RH increase, which was 1.6 times faster at RH = 80% than that at RH = 20%. Additionally, the value of k apparently changed in the presence of the aerosol particles. The diesel soot increased the k value. The fly ash prohibited the reaction, however, H_2SO_4-treated fly ash promoted the reaction. The information of products gained using FT-IR and SPAMS showed that pinonic acid, 10-hydroxy-pinonic acid and pinic acid could be generated during the α-pinene ozonolysis. Water molecules could take part in the formation of the products, and play a vital role in the degradation of α-pinene. The atmospheric residence time calculation showed that the ozonolysis in the atmosphere is an important way of the α-pinene consumption as compared to that reacted with OH during daytime. The results suggested that the degradation of α-pinene via the ozonization in the atmosphere may be affected greatly by RH, as well as the presence of aerosol particles. The ozonolysis reaction may be an important way of the α-pinene consumption during daytime.     

固相微萃取技术测定水中的吡啶与静态顶空方法的比较

用固相微萃取技术(SPME)及静态顶空(SHS)分别与气相色谱联用来分析水中的吡啶。通过试验确定了固相微萃取的分析参数:纤维萃取头、吸附时间、解吸时间、无机盐浓度,并与静态顶空方法作了比较。以同一浓度的标准溶液来分析两种方法的检出限、线性及重复性。结果表明,两种方法都具有很好的重复性和线性,固相微萃取的RSD在0.9%～3.1%之间,静态顶空的RSD在0.7%～3.6%之间。两种发方法的标准曲线相关系数也都在0.999以上。但是固相微萃取技术的检出限比静态顶空法低很多。固相微萃取方法测定水中吡啶的检出限是0.001mg/L,而静态顶空法的检出限只有0.03 mg/L。因此,测定水中的吡啶,使用固相微萃取技术优于静态顶空法。     

Second organic aerosol formation from the ozonolysis of α-pinene in the presence of dry submicron ammonium sulfate aerosol

An indoor chamber facility is described for investigation of atmospheric aerosol chemistry. Two sets of α-pinene ozonolysis experiments were conducted in the presence of dry ammonium sulfate seed particle: ozone limited experiments and α-pinene limited experiments. The concentration of gas phase and particle phase species was monitored continuously by on-line instruments and recorded automatically by data sampling system. The evolution of size distribution was measured by a scanning mobility particle sizer ...     

有机膨润土层间硅氧烷表面对亲水性芳香胺的吸附

用3种吡啶阳离子(氯化吡啶、溴化丁基吡啶、溴化十四烷基吡啶)改性制备高、低电荷的有机膨润土,研究其吸附亲水性芳香胺(苯胺和N,N-二甲基苯胺)的性能,并通过有机碳含量分析、粉末X射线衍射、N2-BET等手段表征了有机膨润土的结构,试图揭示有机膨润土层间硅氧烷表面的暴露程度与吸附性能之间的关系.结果表明,通过减少层间电荷和用较小分子尺寸的吡啶阳离子改性,能在膨润土层间暴露较大面积的硅氧烷表面,从而增强对亲水性有机物的吸附.如在六种吡啶盐改性的有机膨润土中,用最小分子尺寸的吡啶阳离子(氯化吡啶)改性的低电荷膨润土(L-HP)具有较大的内比表面积(145 m2·g-1)和孔容(0.082 mL·g-1),显示出较强的吸附性能,对水中20 mg·L-1的N,N-二甲基苯胺和苯胺的去除效率分别为85.6%和52.8%.研究结果为进一步开发新型高效有机膨润土吸附材料提供理论依据.     

长白山林区刺五加开发的生态影响

文章通过对长白山林区的刺五加开采情况的野外调查,采用样带网格调查方法与对比分析方法,分析了刺五加开发对生态系统的主要影响,结果表明：（1）刺五加的开发对草本层和灌木层的物种丰富度都有影响;草本层物种丰富度,开发程度适中时最大,开发过度时最小,影响显著;而对灌木层的物种丰富度影响不显著。（2）刺五加的开发对草本层和灌木层的α多样性指数影响都不显著。（3）刺五加的开发对草本层和刺五加的生物量都有影响;草本层的生物量随开发程度的增大而减小,影响不显著;刺五加的生物量在开发中度时最大,开发重度时最小,影响显著。本研究在一定程度上可以为合理开发和保护刺五加提供理论依据。