Characterization, treatment and releases of PBDEs and PAHs in a typical municipal sewage treatment plant situated beside an urban river, East China

Characterization, treatment and releases of eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) congeners and sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in wastewater were evaluated along the treatment processes of a typical secondary treatment municipal sewage treatment plant (STP) (in Hefei City) situated the beside Nanfei River, East China. The findings showed that the average concentrations of the total PBDEs in raw wastewater and treated effluent were 188.578 and 36.884 ng/L respectively. Brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) 209 congener, the predominant PBDE in the STP and Nanfei River, could be related to the discharge of car-industry-derived wastes. For PAHs, the average concentrations in raw wastewater and treated effluent were 5758.8 and 2240.4 ng/L respectively, with naphthalene, benzo[a]pyrene and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene being detected at the highest concentrations. PAHs mainly originate from the combustion of biomass/coal and petroleum. The STP reduced about 80% of the PBDEs and 61% of the PAHs, which were eliminated mainly by sedimentation processes. The removal rates of PBDEs/PAHs increased with the increase of their solid-water partitioning coefficients. Accordingly, the STP's effluent, containing some PBDE congeners (e.g., BDE 47, 99 and 209, etc.) and low-molecular-weight PAHs, could be an important contributor of these contaminants' input to Nanfei River. It resulted in a significant increase of PBDE/PAH concentrations and PAH toxicological risk in the river water downstream. About 4.040 kg/yr of PBDEs and 245.324 kg/yr of PAHs could be released into the Nanfei River. The current conventional wastewater treatment processes should be improved to remove the relatively low-molecular-weight PBDEs/PAHs more effectively.     

Synergistic photocatalytic degradation of pyridine using precious metal supported TiO2 with KBrO3

A series of precious metals catalysts （M/TiO/, M = Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Ir, Pt or Au） were prepared by a light deposition method and the synergistic photocatalytic degradations of pyridine （20 mg/L） under UV irradiation （365 nm） using M/TiO2 with electron capture agent KBrO3 have been investigated. The results show that KBrO3 has a greatly synergistic role on M/TiO2 and the photocatalytic activity of M/TiO2 is closely related to its work function. Ag could greatly enhance the activity of TiO2 due to the binding characteristics of pyridine on Ag. Under the conditions of 0.5 wt.% Ag loading, Ag/TiO2 concentration of 0.1 g/L, KlrO3 concentration of 10 mmol/L and reaction liquid pH value at 9, the pyridine can be degraded by 64% within 3 hr, doubled than TiO2 photocatalytic system. The degradation kinetics of pyridine follows first-order kinetics and k = 5.53 × 10-3 min^-1.     

Bioaugmentation with a pyridine-degrading bacterium in a membrane bioreactor treating pharmaceutical wastewater

The bacterial strain Paracoccus denitrificans W12, which could utilize pyridine as its sole source of carbon and nitrogen, was added into a membrane bioreactor （MBR） to enhance the treatment of a pharmaceutical wastewater. The treatment efliciencies investigated showed that the removal of chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus were similar between bioaugmented and non-bioaugmented MBRs, however, significant removal of pyridine was obtained in the bioaugmented reactor. When the hydraulic retention time was 60 hr and the influent concentration of pyridine was 250-500 mg/L, the mean effluent concentration of pyridine without adding W12 was 57.2 mg/L, while the pyridine was degraded to an average of 10.2 mg/L with addition of W12. The bacterial community structure of activated sludge during the bioaugmented treatment was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （PCR-DGGE）. The results showed that the W12 inoculum reversed the decline of microbial community diversity, however, the similarity between bacterial community structure of the original sludge and that of the sludge after bioaugmentation decreased steadily during the wastewater treatment. Sequencing of the DNA recovered from DGGE gel indicated that sp., Sphingobium sp., Comamonas sp., and Hyphomicrobium sp. were the dominant organisms in time sequence in the bacterial community in the bioaugmented MBR. This implied that the bioaugmentation was affected by the adjustment of whole bacterial community structure in the inhospitable environment, rather than being due solely to the degradation performance of the bacterium added.     

顶空气相色谱法测定水中吡啶的影响因素分析

采用顶空气相色谱法对水中吡啶进行测定,探讨了溶液初始pH值、NaCl浓度、顶空平衡温度和平衡时间等因素对吡啶溶液峰面积的影响。结果表明:随着溶液初始pH值和ρ(NaCl)的增大,吡啶溶液峰面积均先上升,最终分别于pH为7. 0,ρ(NaCl)为300 g/L时趋于平稳;吡啶溶液峰面积随着顶空平衡温度和平衡时间的升高均先缓慢增加,随后迅速上升至临界值后再明显下降,其相应的临界值分别为85℃和40 min。通过正交实验确定各个因素影响吡啶溶液峰面积的主次顺序为:溶液pH值>顶空平衡温度>顶空平衡时间>ρ(NaCl),其相应的最优顶空条件分别为pH 7. 0,85℃,10min,300 g/L。此方法的检出限为0. 0012 mg/L,平均加标回收率为98. 8%～102. 4%,RSD为2. 20%～4. 68%(n=5)。     

基于函数cot(xα)变换的傅立叶级数在大坝变形数据分析中的应用

针对波动性大、规律性和平稳性均较差的大坝变形监测数据,采用事先设定变形曲线建模会因设定不当而出现拟合预测误差较大的问题。提出一种基于函数cot(x~α)变换的傅立叶级数逼近建模方法,利用该建模方法建立的大坝变形预测模型具有很强的数据适应能力和外推能力,只需少量级数项就能达到理想的预测效果,对于其中的模型系数及相关参数可采用遗传算法来估算。工程实例应用结果表明:基于函数cot(x~α)变换的傅立叶级数逼近建模方法所建立的大坝变形预测模型的预测精度高,且建模方法简单、程序容易实现,可应用于工程实践。     

水溶液中17α-乙炔基雌二醇的光降解

研究了水溶液中17α-乙炔基雌二醇(EE2)在紫外杀菌灯(λ=254nm，30W)下的光降解．EE2浓度在1．0_-25mg/L范围内，光降解是假一级反应在水溶液pH5-8范围内，EE2的光降解速率随溶液pH值增加而增加，三价铁离子对EE2的光降解有促进作用。     

α—萘酚—6,8—二磺酸的水解

本文测定了100—130℃下α—萘酚—6,8—二磺酸(G 酸)的酸催化水解动力学,此反应唯一产物是α—萘酚—6—磺酸(S 酸).α—磺酸基比β—磺酸基水解更快.水解反应在动力学上,可描述为一级反应.还确定了反应速度常数和活化能.该研究结果可用于消除在 G 酸生产过程中造成的产品损失.     

三水铝石(γ-Al(OH)3)和α-Al2O3表面酸碱性质与磷酸根吸附研究

采用批量实验法,对2种不同晶体结构铝氧化物(γ-Al(OH)3和α-Al2O3)表面上磷酸根的吸附进行了比较研究.吸附等温线实验在pH=4和pH=6的KNO3溶液(0.0l mol·L-1)中进行,并使用Langmuir等温方程进行定量描述.由吸附等温线可以发现,α-Al2O3表现出更大的吸附容量和吸附密度.且在pH 3.5～4.0范围内,表面对磷酸根的吸附达到最大值.为了更好的理解表面性质对磷酸根吸附的影响,使用X射线衍射、N2吸附比表面积分析、电镜观察和表面酸碱滴定技术对表面结构和性质进行了表征.结合表面信息和吸附结果可以发现,单位质量吸附剂上的吸附量大小与比表面积有关,而吸附密度与铝氧化合物表面对磷酸根的吸附反应活性有关.     

络合萃取法从发酵废液中提取土霉素的研究

采用络合萃取法提取土霉素废液中的土霉素，并以土霉素水溶液作为模拟试液，研究了吡啶类萃取剂对土霉素的萃取规律。结果表明，在中性和弱碱性条件下，选用氯代十六烷基吡啶（PCC）和溴代十六烷基吡啶（PCB）2种产品均可有效萃取废液中的土霉素。在酸性条件下容易反萃得到合格的土霉素结晶产品。     

攀钢片区大气中苯并[α]芘污染调查分析

通过对攀钢片区４个监测点近１０年来的苯并［α］芘监测结果进行统计，找出其规律，调查分析其主要来源，对苯并［α］芘的污染作出客观的评价，为防止环境污染和治理环境提供依据。