重组酵母法测评Fenton反应中激素活性变化关系

环境内分泌干扰物的污染已成为环境领域广泛关注的研究领域.文章利用重组基因酵母菌检系统评测雌二醇(E2)在非均相Fenton光催化高级氧化降解过程中的激素活性变化.色谱质谱解析中间产物的结构,很好地解释了该非均相Fenton催化氧化过程不仅可以降低E2浓度,而且可以降低母体和中间产物的雌激素活性,对水体的安全处理具有重要...     

单一好氧环境强化生物除磷诱导及影响因素研究

为了加深对聚磷菌(Phosphate Accumulating Organism,PAOs)代谢多样性及代谢机理的认识,采用序批式反应器(Sequencing Batch Reactor,SBR),研究了PAOs单一好氧生物除磷能力的诱导过程,以及好氧时间、静置时间对单一好氧生物除磷效率的影响。结果表明,PAOs单一好氧环境生物除磷能力的诱导很快完成,SBR反应器运行周期内生物除磷过程分为饱食期与饥饿期,其中,饱食期水溶液中COD降解速度很快,磷酸盐质量浓度略有升高,PAOs体内聚-β-羟基丁酸(Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate,PHB)质量比增加,聚磷质量比降低;饥饿期水溶液中磷酸盐质量浓度持续下降,聚磷菌体内PHB质量比减小,聚磷质量比增加。聚磷菌在单一好氧环境条件下的除磷能力不能长期保持,只有保证足够的好氧时间及静置时间,才能取得高效的单一好氧环境除磷效果。     

温和溶剂提取预测土壤中多环芳烃的生物有效性

利用正丁醇和羟丙基-β-环糊精（hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin,HPCD）提取来自9个农田土壤中的多环芳烃（polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs）,并应用于评价场地多年老化土壤中PAHs对赤子爱胜蚯蚓（Eisenia fetida）的生物有效性.结果表明,对...     

沼泽红假单胞菌累积聚β-羟基丁酸的研究

以沼泽红假单胞菌为材料,研究了不同培养条件下聚β-羟基丁酸(PHB)在微生物体内的累积情况,并用萃取、酯化及质谱联用(GC-MS)技术验证了菌体内累积的PHB。结果表明,在以醋酸钠为碳源、NH4+-N为氮源、中性pH的条件下,菌体内能够最大量的累积PHB,其累积量约为菌体(湿重)的50%。     

Evaluation of the fish short term reproduction assay for detecting endocrine disrupters

In a fish testing strategy, positive results of the fish short term reproduction assay (FSTR), often trigger a definitive test like the fish sexual development test (FSDT) or the fish full life cycle test (FFLC), entailing ethical and economic problems. This study analysed 137 studies encompassing 35 chemicals with different modes of actions (MOAs). Variability is quantified for MOA endpoints vitellogenin (VTG) and secondary sex characteristics (SSCs) as well as for apical endpoints. Two MOA endpoints could indicate estrogenic, anti-estrogenic, androgenic, anti-androgenic and steroidogenesis activities. Great variability, however, has been observed for chemicals with anti-androgenic and steroidogenesis activities, suggesting that TG229/230 may not be sensitive enough to detect these types of chemicals and may produce false negatives. Changes in apical endpoints like fecundity are not limited to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Non-EDCs could induce the similar effects on these apical endpoints. If elucidating MOA is needed, targeted in vitro MOA tests are suggested. Positive in vitro MOA results trigger a definitive test, which could be used for confirmation of the MOA in vivo and for deriving a no observed effect concentration (NOEC). Based on positive MOA results of TG229, a definitive test such as the FSDT or the FFLC is still needed, because the current TG229 has limitation on the derivation of a NOEC. An extended TG229 with more power to detect reproduction effects, as recently proposed in the OECD test guideline program, would improve the possibility to derive a NOEC and increase its usefulness in risk assessment.     

Influence of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin on the biodegradation of C-phenanthrene and C-hexadecane in soil

Soil was spiked with [9-¹⁴C]phenanthrene and [1-¹⁴C]hexadecane at 50 mg kg⁻¹ and aged for 1, 25, 50, 100 and 250 d. At each time point, the microcosms were amended with aqueous solutions of cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) at a range of concentrations (0-40 mM). Mineralisation assays and aqueous HP-β-CD extractions were performed to assess the effect of the amendments on microbial degradation. The results showed that amendments had no significant impact on the microbial degradation of either of the ¹⁴C-contaminants. Further, HP-β-CD extractions were correlated with the mineralisation of the target chemicals in each of the soil conditions. It was found that the HP-β-CD extraction was able to predict mineralisation in soils which had not been amended with cyclodextrin; however, in the soils containing the HP-β-CD, there was no predictive relationship. Under the conditions of this study, the introduction of HP-β-CD into soils did not enhance the biodegradation of the organic contaminants.     

Abiotic oxidation of 17β-estradiol by soil manganese oxides

The degradation of 17β-estradiol (E2) in sterile soil and Mn-free soil slurries was determined. In 0.075 g ml⁻¹ soil slurry, E2 with an initial concentration of 0.0267 μmol g⁻¹ was rapidly degraded and near equimolar estrone (E1) accumulated. A mass balance involving E2 and E1 existed throughout the reaction. The E2 degradation was thus an oxidation process and E1 was the only product. The concurrent release of Mn(II) during E2 oxidation and a lack of E2 oxidation in Mn-free soil slurry together demonstrated that soil manganese oxides were responsible for E2 oxidation. The degree of E2 oxidation was higher at high pH than at low pH, consistent with the fact that the reaction released protons. This study suggests that manganese oxides may be used as soil amendments to effectively oxidize E2 to less potent E1 in soil.     

Glucuronidation of hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their modulation of estrogen UDP-glucuronosyltransferases

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) can be metabolically converted to their hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PBDEs). The estrogenic effects of PBDEs may be mediated by OH-PBDEs, but the mechanisms of which are still not understood. This study investigated the glucuronidation of 11 OH-PBDEs and their potential in modulating UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) activity of 17β-estradiol (E2) in rat liver microsomes. The number of bromine atoms at phenolic ring was observed as the most influential factor of OH-PBDEs glucuronidation. 2′-OH-BDE-28 having one bromine atom at phenolic ring showed the fastest metabolic rates with t_1/2 value of 3.86 min, while 6-OH-BDE-137 having four bromine atoms at phenolic ring was the poorest substrate with t_1/2 value over 60 min. Regarding to the modulation of E2-UGTs activity, the phenolic hydroxyl group in OH-PBDEs played an essential role. Depending on the substitution patterns of bromine and hydroxyl group, OH-PBDEs inhibited or stimulated E2-UGTs activity. Ten of OH-PBDEs inhibited both 3-glucuronidation and 17-glucuronidation of E2 with IC₅₀ values varying from 3.80 to 129.38 μM, while 3′-OH-BDE-100 exhibited stimulating effects on 3-glucuronidation with EC₅₀ value of 35.95 μM. Kinetic analysis suggested noncompetitive inhibition mode of E2 glucuronidation by 3′-OH-BDE-7, 6-OH-BDE-47 and 2′-OH-BDE-68 with K_i values varying from 11.95 to 67.22 μM. This study demonstrated OH-PBDEs exhibited large interindividual differences in glucuronidation and modulation of E2-UGTs activity. By inhibiting the formation of E2 glucuronidation, OH-PBDEs may increase E2 bioavailability in target tissue, thereby exerting an indirect estrogenic effect.     

In vivo and in vitro metabolism of tobacco-specific nitrosamine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), by the freshwater planarian, Dugesia japonica

Cigarette smoke is a risk factor for human health, and many studies were conducted to investigate its adverse effects on humans and other mammals. However, since large amounts of cigarette products are produced and consumed, it is possible that tobacco chemicals can end up in aquatic environments through several routes, thus influencing aquatic organisms. In this study, the presence of tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNA), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), in aquatic environment was demonstrated. Since toxic effects on and distribution patterns of tobacco chemicals in aquatic organisms were rarely studied, after results of an acute toxicity pretest were obtained, experiment was conducted to investigate the bioaccumulation pattern of NNK and distribution patterns of its metabolites, mainly 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), in NNK-treated freshwater planarians, Dugesia japonica. Results from in vivo and in vitro studies showed that NNK was readily converted to NNAL through the carbonyl reduction in bodies of NNK-treated planarians. Tissue concentrations of both chemicals increased in time- and dose-dependent manners. Furthermore, we examined the end products of NNK/NNAL α-hydroxylation in NNK-treated planarians, but only 1-(3-pyridyl)-1,4-butanediol was detected, suggesting that NNK metabolism in planarians partially differs from that in mammalian systems. This is the first report on NNK metabolism in an aquatic organism and can be used as a foundation for developing freshwater planarians as a new in vivo model for the study of NNK toxicology in the future.     

高频脉冲介质阻挡放电去除水中17β-雌二醇

实验采用高频脉冲介质阻挡放电工艺处理水体中的17β-雌二醇（E2）。结果表明,该工艺可以有效地降解水中的E2,E2的降解过程符合一级反应动力学模型。当体系脉冲峰-峰电压为24kV,初始浓度为100μg／L的E2在超纯水中的降解一级反应速率常数为0．1314min^-1。E2的降解速率常数随脉冲峰-峰电压的增大而升高,随E2初始浓度和溶液初始pH增加而降低,溶液初始电导率对E2的降解影响不大。