生物炭输入对土壤本体有机碳矿化的影响

近年来,生物炭应用于土壤后其碳汇能力已成为国内外的研究热点,但是目前研究结果显示其碳汇功能仍然存在争议,生物炭与土壤本体有机碳之间的作用关系还有待探明.研究以水稻土(C3土壤)为供试土壤,向其中添加以水洗(CS)和未水洗(CN)方式处理的玉米(C4作物)秸秆生物炭,生物炭分别按1%和3%(CS1%、CS3%和CN1%、CN3%)的质量比与C3土壤均匀混合,以不添加生物炭(CK)为对照处理,每个处理重复3次,开展室内培养实验,探讨生物炭添加对土壤有机碳矿化的影响.结果表明:1在180 d的培养期内,CS1%、CS3%、CN1%这3种处理的土壤CO2累计释放量分别为1 865.7、1 864.4和1 856.2 m L·kg-1,均高于对照土壤CK的1 779.0 m L·kg-1,但未形成显著差异.处理CN3%的CO2累计释放量最大,为2 289.1m L·kg-1,明显高于其他处理及对照土壤.说明较高添加量下,水洗生物炭CS处理减排效果明显;2同位素分析结果显示,CK处理土壤的本体有机碳的CO2累计释放量最高,达到1 534.2 m L·kg-1,CS3%与CN3%处理土壤本体有机碳的CO2累计释放量分别为1 000.4 m L·kg-1和1 153.7 m L·kg-1,均明显低于对照处理,说明2种生物炭的添加均能抑制土壤本体有机碳的矿化.激发效应的结果也验证了这一点,CS3%处理土壤的激发效应PE值为-34.8%,处理CN3%的PE值为-24.8%,CS生物炭的负激发效应更显著.     

Metal-cored arc welding process for joining of modified 9Cr-1Mo (P91) steel

In the present work, metal-cored arc welding process was used for joining of modified 9Cr-1Mo (P91) steel. Metal-cored arc welding process is characterized by high productivity, slag-free process, defect-free weldments that can be produced with ease, and good weldability. Toughness is essential in welds of P91 steel during hydro-testing of vessels. There is a minimum required toughness of 47 J for welds that has to be met as per the EN1557:1997 specification. In the present study, welds were completed using two kinds of shielding gases, each composition being 80% Argon + 20% CO₂, and pure argon respectively. Microstructural characterization and toughness evaluation of welds were done in the as – weld, PWHT at 760 °C – 2 h and PWHT at 760 °C – 5 h conditions. The pure argon shielded welds (‘A2’ and ‘B2’) have higher toughness than 80% argon + 20% CO₂ shielded welds (‘A1’ and ‘B1’). Pure argon shielded welds show less microinclusion content with low volume fraction of δ-ferrite (<2%) phase. Themo-calc windows (TCW) was used for the prediction of equilibrium critical transformation points for the composition of the welds studied. With increase in post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) duration from 2 h to 5 h, there was increase in toughness of welds above 47 J. Using metal-cored arc welding process, it was possible to achieve the required toughness of more than 47 J after PWHT at 760 °C – 2 h in P91 steel welds.     

福建千年桐种源叶片δ13C与环境及叶碳氮含量的关系

选取福建省不同千年桐种源在同一条件下人工培育,通过测定千年桐叶片稳定碳同位素比率(δ¹³C),分析千年桐叶片δ¹³C的特征及其种源差异,以及环境因素和种源生长对其的影响。结果表明,千年桐种源叶片δ¹³C的变化范围在-26.06‰~-24.46‰之间,平均值为-25.54‰,其中莆田、顺昌和沙县种源δ¹³C值较大。千年桐种源叶片δ¹³C值与经纬度之间相关性不显著,与年均温度呈显著正相关,与年均降水量呈显著负相关,年均温度和年均降水量是千年桐δ¹³C值变化的主要限制因素。千年桐种源叶片δ¹³C值与叶N含量以及C/N呈现二次曲线相关性。结合叶片δ¹³C及其对环境因素的响应,莆田、顺昌、沙县千年桐种源具有较高的δ¹³C值,对应较高的水分利用效率,可以考虑栽植在较干旱、贫瘠环境中作为先锋树种,其落叶阔叶的特性也有助于养分回归、改良地力;而政和、尤溪、建阳种源的δ¹³C值相对较小,建议栽植在水分条件较好的湿润地区,充分发挥对水分的摄取能力,提高其生长量。     

The use of δ18O as an indicator of vanadium movement in a dormant stratovolcano region

The oxygen isotope (δ¹⁸O) stable water tracer can be a promising new tool for identifying trace metals in volcanoes and their sources. In the present study, the origin of vanadium in water from a spring at the base of Mt. Fuji is examined using δ¹⁸O, a dormant stratovolcano consisting of lava and basalt rock located on the North Pacific Coast of Japan. A comparison of water from the main springs at the foot of the Mt. Fuji volcano indicates that only V, Cr, Mn and Co enrichment could be related to volcanic events, whereas Ni, Cu, Cd and Pb originate from the dissolution of particles of anthropogenic origin from the industrial areas of Fuji and Fujinomiya. The average V concentrations at the mountain sites ranged from 50 to 110 µg L^?1 and from 18 to 47 µg L^?1 in the coastal areas. The δ¹⁸O became depleted at higher elevations and increased in coastal areas as well as in some NO₃^?-contaminated water. Therefore, variations in the dissolved V/δ¹⁸O ratio in springs of the study area occur due to the elevations of their catchments and the increased concentrations of δ¹⁸O from NO₃^? as a contaminant.     

农田退水期阿什河氮污染特征及来源解析

利用水质监测技术和稳定同位素示踪技术,对春季农田退水期阿什河河水中ρ(NH₄+-N)、ρ(NO₃--N)和ρ(TN)特征进行研究并对氮污染来源进行解析. 结果表明,ρ(NH₄+-N)、ρ(NO₃--N)和ρ(TN)除在阿什河上游源头区水体中较低外,其余大部分区域均较高. 上游源头区采样点 δ 15N值为3.68‰～6.09‰,主要受大气沉降氮和土壤有机氮的污染;中下游区域中一部分采样点δ15N值为5.32‰～7.72‰,主要受农田退水和农村生活污水影响,另一部分采样点δ15N值为8.45‰～11.86‰,主要受畜禽养殖污水影响较大;下游采样点δ15N值较低(3.25‰～4.15‰),主要受工业来源废水污染. 农田,特别是河流两岸的稻田退水对阿什河水质影响较大;城区对阿什河TN和NH₄+-N影响较大,对NO₃--N影响较小.      

Stable C and N isotope analysis elucidated the importance of zooplankton in a tropical seagrass bed of Santiago Island,Northwestern Philippines

The role of zooplankton in a tropical seagrass ecosystem was investigated in milkfish farms pollution-impacted and -unimpacted seagrass beds in Santiago Island coral reefs, Northwestern Philippines. The aim was to compare between the two sites: (1) abiotic factors and zooplankton community parameters, and (2) the trophic structure using C and N stable isotopes. Low water (98–119?mV) and sediment (–121 to ?138?mV) Oxidation Reduction Potential values indicated a reducing environment in the impacted site. Zooplankton in the impacted site showed the typical community response to eutrophication (low diversity, but high total abundance due to the dominance of the cyclopoid copepod Oithona oculata), generally few elevated δ¹⁵N values, but a significant shift towards depleted ¹³C due to the organic enrichment of fish-farm feeds. Apart from suggesting a highly complex food web with POM and zooplankton as main food sources in the unimpacted site, the Bayesian mixing model simulation generated reduced complexity in feeding interactions between basal sources, zooplankton, and fish including adults of a key fish species, Siganus fuscescens, in the impacted sites. In this study, C and N stable isotope analysis has clarified the importance of zooplankton as fish prey in a seagrass bed food web.     

不同岩溶环境条件下岩溶地下水中δ~(13)C_(DIC)特征

岩溶地下水的δ13 CDIC值主要是受土壤碳库和碳酸盐岩碳库的δ13 C所制约。本研究选取两个气候条件完全不同的南方广西桂林、北方山西汾阳为对比研究对象,通过取样测试分析两个地区岩溶地下水的δ13 CDIC值,发现北方汾阳岩溶地下水的δ13 CDIC范围为-7.53‰～-12.25‰,平均为-9.84‰;南方桂林岩溶泉水的δ13 CDIC范围为-9.22‰～-15.99‰,平均为-13.06‰;北方岩溶水比南方偏重3.22‰。结合两个地区所处的气候环境条件分析,北方暖温带干旱半干旱大陆性季风区,C4植被发育,C3/C4比例低,土壤碳库的δ13 C重;南方亚热带湿润季风区C3植被发育,C3/C4比例高,土壤碳库的δ13 C轻。因此气候条件不同引起生态条件的差异而造成南北方地下水δ13 CDIC的不同。这为利用同位素方法研究地下水对气候条件变化的响应提供了理论依据。     

贵州喀斯特山区植物叶片碳同位素组成研究

通过测定贵州喀斯特山区灌丛12种主要植物叶片的δ13C值,研究了该区植物叶片碳同位素组成特征,以及种间、生境差异和时空变化特征。研究结果表明:该区植物叶片的碳同位素组成的变化范围为-26.98‰--29.15‰,平均值为-28.14‰。研究区δ13C值的分布相对均匀,除高于我国热带雨林区植物外,低于其它地区。研究结果还表明,种间碳同位素组成存在较大的差异。生境的变化对蕨的碳同位素组成影响较大,而对渐尖毛蕨、盐肤木、火棘、马桑影响较小。盐肤木、渐尖毛蕨、云南鼠刺、火棘叶片的δ13C值从生长初期到末期有降低的趋势,但降低的幅度存在差异。植物的δ13C值随小尺度海拔的变化规律与随大尺度海拔变化的规律一致,都是随着海拔的增加δ13C值增大,但不同植物种间变化的幅度是不一样的。     

硫同位素分馏中的生物作用及其环境效应

自然界中硫同位素组成变化范围较大(-65‰~+120‰)。许多环境过程可以引起硫同位素分馏,表生环境下微生物还原硫酸盐是最重要的硫同位素分馏过程。在≤50℃条件下,厌氧细菌使硫酸盐SO42-还原成H2S,后者与金属离子结合形成硫化物或直接从体系中逸出,这种硫循环过程是造成地球各层圈中硫的轻、重同位素变异的最主要原因。但生物成因的硫同位素分馏过程复杂,受诸多因素的限制。本文综述了由生物作用导致的硫同素分馏的发生机理和影响因素,以及生物硫循环所导致的环境效应。     

不同水汽来源对湖南长沙地区降水中 δD、δ18O的影响

根据2010年在长沙地区进行降水收集和气象要素观测的资料,分析了该地区降水中δ¹⁸O与温度、降水量之间的关系,揭示了降水中δD、δ¹⁸O的变化特征,讨论了水汽输送对降水中δ¹⁸O变化的影响。结果表明,在天气尺度下,长沙地区大气降水中δ¹⁸O与降水量、温度之间存在显著的负相关关系,即该地区降水中δ¹⁸O的变化具有显著的降水量效应及反温度效应。对长沙地区的降雪样和降雨样进行线性回归,得出大降水事件和降雪的大气降水线具有较大斜率和截距。随着降水量的减小,大气降水线方程的斜率和截距也逐渐减小,这主要由于小降水事件的雨滴在降落过程中受到二次蒸发强烈,同位素分馏强烈。利用HYSPLIT模式追踪该地区气流的轨迹发现,在季风降水期间(5—9月),δ¹⁸O值偏低的水汽主要来自孟加拉湾、南海洋面与西太平洋海区;在非季风降水期间(10—4月),δ¹⁸O值偏高的水汽主要来自西风带携带的水汽和局地水汽环流。