土壤中抗生素的吸附行为与机理研究进展

抗生素进入土壤后会发生一系列环境行为,造成环境污染。该文梳理了土壤中抗生素的来源、污染现状和环境行为,系统总结抗生素的官能团和分子结构以及土壤的类型、pH、共存离子和有机质影响抗生素在土壤中吸附的基本规律以及作用机制。土壤中抗生素主要来源于畜牧和医疗产生的废弃物;主要有四环素类、磺胺类、大环内酯类和喹诺酮类;通过生物蓄积和吸附作用残留在土壤中,诱导抗性基因产生或与其他污染物交叉污染造成生态风险。具有羟基、羧基、胺基等可电离基团和不同分子结构的抗生素,存在不同酸解离常数,通过H键作用、π–π相互作用、金属离子络合作用、去质子化作用和阳离子交换等机制被土壤吸附;颗粒细小,质地细腻,具有较大比表面积和孔隙体积的土壤会暴露更多吸附位点,更容易吸附抗生素;土壤存在可变电荷,土壤电荷与抗生素的价态相同会抑制抗生素吸附,反之则促进;有机质通过羟基、羧基等官能团增强抗生素吸附,或与抗生素竞争土壤吸附位点抑制抗生素吸附;Al³⁺、Fe³⁺等酸性金属离子,作为抗生素与土壤颗粒联结的桥梁促进抗生素吸附;K⁺、Na⁺、Ca...     

城市生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液生化处理过程中重金属离子问题

我国对城市生活填埋场渗滤液处理技术的研究主要集中在COD与NH4 -N的去除上,对渗滤液中重金属离子的专项研究几乎未见报道.本文首先总结了国内外城市生活垃圾渗滤液中重金属的种类及浓度,在渗滤液中的存在状态,渗滤液中重金属与其他成分(有机物、氨氮)的相互作用关系,辨证分析了重金属在渗滤液生化处理过程中的有益作用和毒性,归纳了重金属在渗滤液生化处理过程中的变化规律,同时总结分析了重金属的去除技术.     

制革脱毛废水中硫化物的气提脱除作用研究

采用上流式反应器,通过实验室气提模拟试验研究了pH,硫化物浓度,进水速率、气提流速,污泥存在等因素对制革脱毛废液中硫化物气提脱除效果。研究结果表明:pH主要控制液相中硫化物向H2S的转化,对污泥吸附的硫化物无影响。厌氧酸化可使废液pH降到6以下,此时气提脱硫率可达80%以上。污泥对硫化物的吸附随进水浓度的增加而增大,其吸附量约占硫化物总量的10%￣15%。降低上升流速Vup和提高气提流速可使脱硫率迅速增加,但后者的作用更明显。     

化学融雪剂对土壤微生物活性及氮转化的影响

化学融雪剂可降低土壤冰点,增强营养元素的水溶性并促进土壤微生物活性,同时化学融雪剂中的盐离子含量也可能抑制微生物活性,但化学融雪剂对路域土壤生态功能的影响却鲜有报道,特别是土壤微生物区系的活性及其对氮转化的影响特征研究.针对沈阳市主要土壤类型棕壤,施加w为0.1％～0.6％不同浓度复合型化学融雪剂进行室内模拟试验,研究...     

应急救援能力在矿山救援工作中的重要作用和提升策略研究

随着矿业产业的迅猛发展,其背后的安全生产问题和应急救援逐渐受到了广泛关注。矿山作为一个高风险、复杂多变的工作环境,事故和灾害的潜在威胁不容忽视。在这种背景下,应急救援能力不仅关乎矿工的生命安全,更直接影响到企业的稳定运营。当前,矿山应急救援体系虽然已经初步建立,但仍面临诸多挑战。应急救援能力不足、协调机制缺陷以及救援资源短缺等问题,都严重制约了救援行动的高效进行。因此,提升矿山应急救援能力已成为当务之急。本文深入分析了矿山应急救援能力的现状与存在的问题,并提出了针对性的提升策略和方法。期望通过加强应急救援能力建设,为矿工筑起一道坚实的生命防线,为矿业的可持续发展和社会的和谐稳定贡献力量。     

城市排水系统在水污染防治中的作用

城市排水系统在水污染防治中起着重要作用。通过排水管网、污水处理厂和雨水排放系统的协同作用,能够有效收集和处理废水,减少污水对水环境的污染。同时,雨水管理也能够减少雨水对水环境的污染。水质监测和管理也是城市排水系统的重要组成部分。然而,城市排水系统面临着城市化进程带来的压力和需求、技术和设施的更新和改进以及管理和监管的问题。未来,城市排水系统的发展趋势将会是应用新技术和创新、提高环境意识和政策支持以及借鉴国际经验和合作。     

Effect of cerium on photosynthetic characteristics of soybean seedling exposed to supplementary ultraviolet-B radiation

Effects of cerium （Ce^3＋） on photosynthetic characteristics were investigated by hydroponics under laboratory conditions when soybean seedlings were exposed to two levels of supplementary UV-B radiation. UV-B radiation badly inhibited the photosynthesis in soybean seedling, leading to a reduction in net photosynthetic rate （Pn）, Hill reaction activity, light saturated photosynthetic rate （Ps） and apparent quanta yield （AQY）, as well as the CO2 and light saturated photosynthetic rate （Pro） and carboxulation efficiency （CE）. On the contrary, Ce obviously promoted the photosynthesis of plants by increasing Hill reaction activity, accelerating electron transport and photophosphorylation, and enhancing carboxylation efficiency. For Ce＋UV-B treatments, the values of photosynthetic parameters were still lower than those of the control, but obviously higher than those of UV-B treatment. The results indicated that Ce alleviated the inhibition of UV-B radiation on the photosynthesis in soybean seedling to a certain extent. In correlating of Pn with Hill activity, AQY and CE, we found that the changes of photosynthetic rate were mainly influenced by the regulating effect of Ce on Hill activity and AQY at low level （0.15 W/m^2） of UV-B radiation, but were dominated by the regulating effect of Ce on CE at high level （0.45 W/m^2）. Thus, Ce could regulate many aspects in photosynthesis of soybean seedling under UV-B stress. The regulating mechanism was close related with the dosage of UV-B radiation.     

Leaching behavior of Pb and Zn in air pollution control residues and their modeling prediction

Increasing attention has been paid to air pollution control （APC） residues in China recently due to the rising proportion of waste incineration and the hazardous characteristics of the residues, among which heavy metal leaching toxicity plays an important role. Leaching behavior and potential risk of Pb and Zn in the APC residues from a Shanghai municipal solid waste （MSW） incinerator was studied, based on the leaching tests under different conditions and theoretical calculation using a geochemical thermodynamic equilibrium model MINTEQA2. Results showed that, extractant species and liquid to solid （L/S） ratio predominantly controlled the leaching toxicity of Pb and Zn, while ionic strength, vibration method and leaching time had less effect on the metals release. Leachate/final pH determined the metal leaching behavior, which changed the speciation of heavy metals in the extraction system. The equilibrium aqueous speciation, precipitation-dissolution of Pb and Zn was investigated according to the model computation, which was well in agreement with the experimental results.     

Removal of organic matter and nitrogen from distillery wastewater by a combination of methane fermentation and denitrification/nitrification processes

Introduction D istillery w astew ater m ainly includes spent w ash, w hich is one of the m ost com plex, troublesom e industrial organic effluents. This kind of w astew ater has previously been treated aerobically after dilution w ith other w ash w aters.…     

Removal of a type of endocrine disruptors-di-n-butyl phthalate from water by ozonation

Ozonation of synthetic water containing a type of endocrine disruptor-di-n-butyl phthalate （DBP） was examined. Key impact factors such as pH, temperature, ionic strength, ozone dosage and initial DBP concentration were investigated. In addition, the activities of radicals on uncatalysed and catalysed ozonation were studied. The degradation intermediate products were followed and the kinetic of the ozonation were assessed as well. Results revealed that ozonation of DBP followed two mechanisms. Firstly, the reaction rate of direct ozonation was slower at lower pH, temperature, and ionic strength. Secondly, when these factors were increased for indirect radical reaction, higher percentage of DBP was removed with the increase of the initial ozone dosage and the decrease of the initial DBP concentration. In addition, tea-butanol, humic substances and Fe（Ⅱ） affected DBP ozonation through the radical pathway. It was determined that ozonation was restrained by adding tea-butanol for its radical inhibition effect. Furthermore, humic substances enhanced the reaction to some extent, but a slight negative effect would be encountered if the optimum dosage was exceeded. As a matter of fact, Mn（Ⅱ） affected the ozonation by ＂active sites＂ mechanism. In the experiment, three different kinds of intermediate products were produced during ozonation, but the amount of products for each one of them decreased as pH, temperature, ionic strength and initial ozone dosage increased. A kinetic equation of the reaction between ozone and DBP was obtained.