提高危化品包装质量减少储运事故

目前我国危化品包装质量还较低,包装在运输途中发生破损的情况仍然相当严重。每年因危化品包装破损而导致的火灾、爆炸、腐蚀等事故的直接损失就高达数百万元。近年来,外贸出口的危化品索赔数量也呈增长趋势,因包装容器的破损、渗漏等原因造成货物短缺、沾污等问题,这类事故导致的索赔金额远远超过了危化品本身的损失。     

高氟饮用水脱氟技术

综合了国内目前使用的高氟饮用水脱氟技术，重点介绍两种已用于设备制作的脱氟技术－－活性氧化铝和活化沸石。目的介绍了于高氟地区。对饮用水进行脱氟，对氟的地方病进行治理。     

纳滤膜分离技术在安全饮用水保障中的应用

纳滤膜分离技术在饮用水制备方面具有独特的作用,是保障安全饮用水生产的有效方法。本文详细综述了国内外纳滤膜技术在饮用水生产中应用研究的最新进展,以及纳滤膜对地表水或地下水中存在的各种无机、有机污染物的分离特性。     

微塑料在饮用水中的去除研究进展

一直以来,塑料制品因方便快捷在人们的生活中广泛使用。然而,随着在水环境中越来越多地检测到微塑料,人们开始对其越来越重视。特别是近年来,在饮用水中检测出微塑料,因其对人体健康有一定危害,如可能会作用于人体肠道部位而导致肠道发炎,引起人们的广泛关注。该文介绍了饮用水中微塑料的存在现状以及饮用水厂各工艺对微塑料的去除效率,分析了不同的水处理方法对微塑料去除的贡献,简述了饮用水处理对微塑料的去除效果。对饮用水处理方法及工艺研究发现,各方法对大于10μm的大尺寸微塑料有较好的去除效果,但不能完全去除小于10μm的小尺寸微塑料。因此,将来的研究应更多地放在对小尺寸微塑料的去除上。     

全球饮用水标准中消毒副产物管控指标对比与启示

饮用水水质安全是关乎千家万户的重大民生问题,其中消毒工艺是保障饮用水微生物安全不可或缺的重要措施,然而由消毒剂与前体物反应生成的DBPs（消毒副产物）被发现具有潜在的健康风险,如致癌及引起发育副作用等.随着对饮用水中DBPs的重视程度不断提高,世界上多个国家、地区或组织将DBPs指标纳入标准.为对我国饮用水水质标准中DBPs指标的制定和修订提出可参考的建议,比较了国内外饮用水和再生水饮用回用水质标准中的DBPs指标,包括DBPs种类、对应的浓度限值和监测要求等.结果表明:①我国饮用水水质标准中涵盖的DBPs种类较多,其中地方标准相较于国标而言对DBPs指标的要求更为严格,但较少考虑综合性指标（如总有机卤素）和高毒性含氮DBPs（如卤乙腈）;②国外多部饮用水水质标准或准则中包含一些无浓度限值规定但已知具有较高健康风险的DBPs,此举可指导有关部门进一步开展浓度调研和毒性试验,为未来水质标准的制定提供参考依据.研究显示,我国饮用水标准中DBPs指标需要考虑综合性指标的选取与管控以及高风险指标的甄别和筛查,另外还需因地制宜加强地方性标准的建设工作.      

两阶段评估体系筛选水源突发污染应急最优技术方案

为预判突发污染对水源的威胁程度,进而筛选适宜污染情景的最优应急处置技术,本研究构建了包含10个评价指标的水源突发污染威胁度判别指标体系,依据威胁度等级判定,确定与不同威胁度对应的应急处置技术评估指标体系的指标权重.同时,为合理体现群决策过程中专家差异对权重的影响,提出了基于循环修正的群组G1指标赋权法.以Spearman等级相关系数作为检验标准,应用平均值法、Board法、Copeland法3种组合评价方法对单一专家评价结果进行循环迭代修正,最终得到评价指标的一致性排序和各位专家的权重,使各项指标的权重赋值更为准确.将综合评估模型应用于2012年广西龙江镉污染事故中,成功筛选出“调水稀释—絮凝沉降—水厂强化混凝”的组合应急技术方案,同实际情况吻合,验证了评估模型的可行性.     

世界水日

正3月22日是世界水日。由于全球淡水资源分布不均、管理不善、环境变化以及基础设施投入不足等原因,全球目前约有1/5的人无法获得安全饮用水,40%的人缺乏基本卫生设施。据联合国统计,世界上许多国家正面临水资源危机:11亿人用水短缺,每年有310万人死于与水有关的疾病;到2025年,水危机将蔓延到48个国家,35亿人为水所困。为了唤起公众的水意识,建立一种更为全面的水资源可持续利用的体制和相应的运行机制,1993年1月18日,第47届联合国大会根据联合国环境与     

塑料管材输配水过程中有机物释放规律研究

研究了目前给水管网中常用的3种塑料管材,未增塑聚氯乙烯(uPVC),聚乙烯(PE)和无规共聚聚丙烯(PPR)管在输配水过程中有机物的释放规律.通过静态管段实验模拟给水管网中不同输配水状态,选取总有机碳(TOC)为综合评价指标,考察了不同塑料管材中有机物随时间的迁移释放特性,并分析了管材有机物释放对管网水中余氯消耗的影响.随着管材输配水次数的增加,uPVC管释放至水中的TOC浓度和TOC释放速率分别在0.03mg/L和0.04μg/(d?cm2)以下,而PE管和PPR管在输配水过程中TOC的释放浓度和释放速率在初期最大[PE: 0.19mg/L,0.25μg/(d?cm2);PPR:0.07mg/L,0.09μg/(d?cm2)],且后期递减并趋于平稳[PE:0.03~0.08mg/L,0.05~0.10μg/(d?cm2);PPR:0.01~0.03mg/L, 0.01~0.04μg/(d?cm2)].随着水力停留时间的增加,不同管材释放的有机物浓度持续升高.不同管材有机物的释放能力排序为:PE>PPR>uPVC.各管材的有机物释放特性直接影响管网水的余氯消耗特性,且管材的有机物释放量越多,管网水的余氯消耗越快.PE管的使用易引起水体有机污染问题.本研究明确了3种常用塑料管材的有机物释放规律,将进一步为与塑料管材安全性能评价相关的国家标准的修订提供理论依据.     

Responses of bacterial strains isolated from drinking water environments to N-acyl-L-homoserine lactones and their analogs during biofilm formation

Often as a result ofbiofilm formation, drinking water distribution systems （DWDS） are regularly faced with the problem of microbial contamination. Quorum sensing （QS） systems play a marked role in the regulation of microbial biofilm formation; thus, inhibition of QS systems may provide a promising approach to biofilm formation control in DWDS. In the present study, 22 bacterial strains were isolated from drinking water-related environments. The following properties of the strains were investigated： bacterial biofilm formation capacity, QS signal molecule N-acyl-L-homoserine lactones （AHLs） production ability, and responses to AHLs and AHL analogs, 3-chloro-4-（dichloromethyl）-5-hydroxy-2（5H）- furanone （MX） and 2（5H）-furanone. Four AHLs were added to developed biofilms at dosages ranging from 0.1 nmol.L J to 100nmol.L1. As a result, the biofilm growth of more than 1/4 of the isolates, which included AHL producers and non-producers, were significantly promoted. Further, the biofilm biomasses were closely associated with respective AHLs concentrations. These results provided evidence to support the idea that AHLs play a definitive role in biofilm formation in many of the studied bacteria. Meanwhile, two AHLs analogs demon- strated unexpectedly minimal negative effects on biofilm formation. This suggested that, in order to find an applicable QS inhibition approach for biofilm control in DWDS, the testing and analysis of more analogs is needed.     

A red water occurrence in drinking water distribution systems caused by changes in water source in Beijing,China: mechanism analysis and control measures

A red water phenomenon occurred in several communities few days after the change of water source in Beijing, China in 2008. In this study, the origin of this problem, the mechanism of iron release and various control measures were investigated. The results indicated that a significant increase in sulphate concentration as a result of the new water source was the cause of the red water phenomenon. The mechanism of iron release was found that the high-concentration sulphate in the new water source disrupted the stable shell of scale on the inner pipe and led to the release of iron compounds. Experiments showed that the iron release rate in the new source water within pipe section was over 11-fold higher than that occurring within the local source water. The recovery of tap water quality lasted several months despite ameliora- tive measures being implemented, including adding phosphate, reducing the overall proportion of the new water source, elevating the pH and alkalinity, and utilizing free chlorine as a disinfectant instead of chloramine. Adding phosphate was more effective and more practical than the other measures. The iron release rate was decreased after the addition of 1.5 mg. L-1 orthophosphate- P, tripolyphosphate-P and hexametaphosphate-P by 68%, 83% and 87%, respectively. Elevating the pH and alkalinity also reduced the iron release rate by 50%. However, the iron release rate did not decreased after replacing chloramine by 0.5-0.8 mg. L-1 of free chlorine as disinfectant.