过氧化氢-敏化剂强化污泥微波预处理溶胞效果的研究

提高污泥溶胞效率是强化污泥厌氧处理的关键.为加强污泥微波预处理溶胞效果,本研究分别考察了常压、半封闭条件下二氧化钛颗粒、碳质材料作为敏化剂与过氧化氢联合进行微波污泥预处理的效果.结果表明,碳质材料敏化剂对微波、过氧化氢-微波污泥预处理产生了负作用,降低了污泥的溶胞效果,而二氧化钛能有效增加污泥中营养物质的释放.当二氧化钛颗粒投加量为0.12 g·g~(-1)干污泥时,SCOD、PO_4~(3-)-P的浓度比单独微波处理分别增加了11.86%、61%;当二氧化钛颗粒投加量为0.24 g·g~(-1)干污泥时,NH_4~+-N释放比单独微波处理高出27.78%.微波辐射作用下投加二氧化钛颗粒产生了羟基自由基,强化了过氧化氢-微波对污泥细胞的氧化作用.     

含固率对超声联合热碱预处理及厌氧消化的影响

含固率是影响污泥预处理效果的重要因素。对含固率为1.5%、5%、10%的污泥进行超声联合热碱预处理及厌氧消化,以探究含固率对污泥破解效果及产气量的影响,发现VSS的减少率和氨氮的增长率随污泥含固率的提高而减小。厌氧消化27d后,经预处理作用后污泥的含固率为1.5%、5%、10%,VSS浓度较原泥依次减少了64.5%、54.6%、20.1%,氨氮浓度较原泥依次增加了97.3%、47.5%、25.6%,厌氧消化产气量较原泥分别增加了32.0%、40.1%、18.9%,且产气量均在第20天之前便达到了原泥30 d的总产气量。综合考虑污泥体积、总减量效果以及产气量,采用含固率5%的污泥进行预处理以及后续的厌氧消化过程更合适。     

光度法测定挥发酚的实验研究

文章对挥发酚测定过程中可能影响检测结果的因素进行研究。探讨实验用无酚水的制备与保存,无酚水的替代用水,蒸馏预处理的技术要求,标准曲线制作的方法改进,加药比色中常见的问题。得出:在挥发酚的测定实验中,要使用无酚水或等质量的实验用水进行试剂配制和样品测定,要进行蒸馏预处理等,提高了测定数据的准确性。     

技术

第八届中国国际半导体照明展览会今日在广州召开。从会议获悉：中国LED照明产业大而不强,目前面临核心技术缺失和市场推广难等两大瓶颈。中国科学院、中国工程院院士师昌绪表示,半导体照明能给人类带来许多福音。相关预测显示,2015年我国照明用电约6000亿千瓦时,如果半导体照明进入30％的普通照明市场,可年节电约1000亿千瓦...     

Effect of pretreatment on Pd/Al2O3 catalyst for catalytic oxidation of o-xylene at low temperature

The effect of pretreatment on Pd/Al₂O₃ catalysts for the catalytic oxidation of o-xylene at low temperature was studied by changing the pretreatment and testing conditions. The fresh and pretreated Pd/Al₂O₃ catalysts were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the pretreatment dramatically changed the Pd/PdO ratio and then significantly affected the Pd/Al₂O₃ activity; while the pretreatment had not much influence on Pd particle size. The Pd/Al₂O₃ pre-reduced at 300℃/400℃, which has fully reduced Pd species, showed the highest activity; while the fresh Pd/Al₂O₃, which has fully oxidized Pd species, presented the worst performance, indicating the Pd chemical state plays an important role in the catalytic activity for the o-xylene oxidation. It is concluded that metallic Pd is the active species on the Pd/Al₂O₃ catalyst for the catalytic oxidation of o-xylene at low temperature.     

Biological nutrient removal by internal circulation upflow sludge blanket reactor after landfill leachate pretreatment

The removal of biological nutrient from mature landfill leachate with a high nitrogen load by an internal circulation upflow sludge blanket （ICUSB） reactor was studied. The reactor is a set of anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic （A^2/O） bioreactors, developed on the basis of an expended granular sludge blanket （EGSB）, granular sequencing batch reactor （GSBR） and intermittent cycle extended aeration system （ICEAS）. Leachate was subjected to stripping by agitation process and poly ferric sulfate coagulation as a pretreatment process, in order to reduce both ammonia toxicity to microorganisms and the organic contents. The reactor was operated under three different operating systems, consisting of recycling sludge with air （A^2/O）, recycling sludge without air （low oxygen） and a combination of both （A^2/O and low oxygen）. The lowest effluent nutrient levels were realised by the combined system of A^2/O and low oxygen, which resulted in effluent of chemical oxygen demand （COD）, NH3-N and biological oxygen demand （BOD5） concentrations of 98.20, 13.50 and 22.50 mg/L. The optimal operating conditions for the efficient removal of biological nutrient using the ICUSB reactor were examined to evaluate the influence of the parameters on its performance. The results showed that average removal efflciencies of COD and NH3- N of 96.49% and 99.39%, respectively were achieved under the condition of a hydraulic retention time of 12 hr, including 4 hr of pumping air into the reactor, with dissolved oxygen at an rate of 4 mg/L and an upflow velocity 2 m/hr. These combined processes were successfully employed and effectively decreased pollutant loading.     

硝基苯类废水的全混态零价铁-芬顿组合预处理工艺优化与工程验证

针对企业硝基氯苯装置产生的高毒性、难降解的硝基苯类废水,开发出全混态零价铁-芬顿组合预处理工艺,并分别优化了零价铁还原和芬顿氧化的工艺条件。结果表明,pH为2.0、零价铁投加量为220 mg/L时,废水中硝基苯类物质的去除率可达98.5%以上。出水pH约为3.0,继续投加3000 mg/L的H₂O₂,Fe²⁺投加比按C(Fe²⁺,mg/L):C(H₂O₂,mg/L)=1:10,1 h内COD去除率可达90%以上,且B/C由0.08提高到0.45。可见该组合预处理工艺可大幅削减废水毒性、改善可生化性,且直接运行成本仅为26.28元/吨,具有良好的环境和经济效益。     

烟气净化新工艺——烟气冷凝净化法

本文介绍了国外烟气冷凝净化新工艺技术，并与传统工艺比较，显示其是一种有远大前景的空气污染控制技术。     

微污染水源水的加氯法应急预处理技术研究

生物预处理在特殊情况下难以处理微污染水源水，本文介绍了加氯法处理微污染水源水的实验研究结果，经处理后的水达到了源水供给要求，提出了加氯法作为一种应急预处理和生物预处理相结合的处理方法。     

柠檬酸污泥热碱预处理厌氧发酵产酸研究

文章对食品发酵工业产生的柠檬酸废水剩余污泥进行热碱预处理后,同时采用批次与半连续运行方式进行污泥厌氧发酵实验,分析了污泥发酵液中挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）、有机质、荧光组分、氮磷,以及污泥中的有机物含量、脱水性能和微生物群落的变化。响应面优化结果确定了柠檬酸污泥热碱处理的最佳条件为62℃,pH=10.6,处理1 h。热碱预处理使溶解性化学需氧量、溶解性总有机碳和蛋白质（PN）、多糖（PS）等浓度分别提高4.75倍、2.94倍、12.67倍、15.49倍,加快了厌氧发酵中VFAs的产生,其中前3 d总VFAs浓度上升速度最快,浓度为(6 194.96±411.91) mg/L(以COD计);为保证VFAs底物充足,半连续组调整污泥发酵时间为3 d,物料更换率为1/3(SRT=9 d),虽然VFAs相比批次组有所降低,但仍呈上升趋势且乙酸浓度仍占VFAs的50%左右。荧光分析结果表明色氨酸类蛋白质、腐殖酸类物质、富里酸类物质为主要荧光物质。热碱预处理会使总磷提高2.23倍,但随着产酸的进行会不断降低,而NH3-N随PN降解不断升高后基本保持不变。污泥的脱水性能将直接影响VFAs产量,而发酵后...