青岛近海生物体内多环芳烃、多氯联苯和有机氯农药的含量和分布特征(Concentrations and Distribution Characteristic of PAHs, PCBs and OCPs in the Marine Organisms of Qingdao Coastal Area)

为初步了解青岛近海生物体内多环芳烃、多氯联苯和有机氯农药的含量和组成特征,于2007年10～11月采集了青岛近海13个站位的鱼、虾和软体类动物,分析了其肌肉中的多环芳烃、多氯联苯和有机氯农药的含量和组成.结果表明,多环芳烃、多氯联苯和有机氯农药更易在鱼类体内富集,其含量远大于软体类和虾类.高氯代联苯和高环芳烃在同系物中的比例在鱼类体内最小,这可能是由鱼类和虾类、软体类不同的生活习性造成的.有机氯农药中,滴滴涕的含量显著高于六六六.     

Oxidative stress and apoptosis of Carassius auratus lymphocytes induced by nonplanar （PCB153） and coplanar （PCB169） polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in vitro

Among all the 209 kinds of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners, nonplanar and coplanar PCB congeners have di erent levels of toxicity on mammal cells such as neuronal cells, but little is known about their toxicity on fish cells although PCB congeners usually have high bioaccumulation abilities in the detected fish bodies. This study showed that 2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-hexacholorbiphenyl (PCB153, nonplanar congener) and 3,3’,4,4’,5,5’-hexacholorbiphenyl (PCB169, coplanar congener) caused apoptosis on the isolated crucian carp (Carassius auratus) lymphocytes and the induced cytotoxicity was structure-dependent. According to the laser confocal microscope observations, apoptosis was clearly distinguished by condensation of nucleus, shrinkage and formation of apoptotic bodies. DNA fragmentation was detected by agarose gel electrophoresis. These typical morphological and biochemical characteristics indicate the occurrence of apoptosis on fish lymphocytes. According to the flow cytometry analysis, after the cells were exposed to 10 mol/L PCBs for 3 h, the apoptotic percentage induced by PCB153 was 23.41%, while that induced by PCB169 was even higher (31.03%). Furthermore, incubating PCBs with fish lymphocytes enhanced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), clearly indicating the presence of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Our data also demonstrate that the di erent cytotoxic e ects induced by coplanar and nonplanar PCBs were correlated with their structural characteristics and the coplanar congener was more cytotoxic than nonplanar congener. This study suggests that cytotoxicity mechanisms of the PCB congeners on fish lymphocytes depend on their planarity and chemical structures.     

零价铁脱氯还原多氯联苯的研究进展

多氯联苯(PCBs)是环境中广泛存在的一种典型的持久性有毒有机污染物,对人类和环境产生了许多不利影响。近年来,零价铁技术作为化学修复PCBs污染介质的一种有效方法,具有较好的应用前景。文章综述了国内外应用零价铁技术对环境介质中PCBs污染物脱氯还原的研究进展,介绍了铁粉、纳米铁、铁钯双金属降解PCBs的反应以及影响因素的研究,指出了目前利用零价铁技术降解PCBs研究存在的问题,并对今后零价铁脱氯还原技术治理土壤或沉积物中PCBs污染物的实际应用提出了展望。     

苏州吴中区农田土壤中持久性有毒污染物调查

研究了江苏省苏州吴中区农田土壤中持久性有毒污染物(PTS),包括六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)和多环芳烃(PAHs)的现状。土壤样品用微波萃取后分别用GC、GC/MS和HPLC方法进行分析。结果表明,HCHs、DDTs、PCBs和PAHs的浓度分别在<0.10μg/kg~916μg/kg、<0.10μg/kg~113μg/kg、5.53μg/kg~22.4μg/kg和3.40μg/kg~36.6μg/kg。HCHs和DDTs的含量与23年前比,已有显著降低;PCBs和PAHs的毒性效应评估处于低水平。β-HCH、PCB28以及4环、5环和6环的PAHs检出率较高,4环和5环的PAHs含量之间还具有较好的相关性。总体而言,吴中区农田土壤中的上述污染物含量较低,但具有较长农耕历史的地区污染情况仍值得关注。     

浅谈我国多氯联苯污染控制现状及对策

根据对我国多氯联苯（PCBs）污染现状调查,结合多氯联苯（PCBs）污染物收集、清理、焚烧处置等实践经验,归纳了我国在控制多氯联苯（PCBs）污染中出现的新问题,并提出了相应的对策建议。     

用气相色谱法测定污染土壤中的多氯联苯

利用超声波萃取法提取土壤中的有机组分,采用浓硫酸净化、气相色谱法进行分析,根据峰型和保留时间,以多氯联苯的商业用混合物的形式定性、定量,可以检出污染土壤中0．005mg／kg的多氯联苯。     

植物和沉积物样品中PCB47与PCB155的测定

建立了一种红树植物和沉积物样品中多氯联苯的提取、分离以及定性、定量分析的方法.以植物和沉积物中PCB47和PCB155为研究对象,利用超声波进行提取、硫酸和硅胶柱进行净化和分离,以毛细管GC- ECD和内标法对PCBs进行定量分析.研究结果表明:植物中PCB47和PCB155的平均回收率分别为90.47%和84.25%,方法检测限为0.0109×10~(-9) 和0.0112×10~(-9);沉积物样品中PCB47和PCB155的平均回收率分别为93.27%和86.68%,方法检测限为0.0140×10~(-9)和0.0114×10~(-9);相对标准偏差均低于3.60%.本方法可满足植物和沉积物样品中PCBs定量分析要求.     

Tenax富集-毛细管气相色谱法同时测定环境空气中12种氯苯类化合物

建立了毛细管气相色谱法同时分离快速测定环境空气中12种氯苯类有机污染物的方法.采集10 L空气样品,用Tenax吸附管富集氯苯类化合物,石油醚淋洗解析,DB-23毛细管柱分离,电子捕获检测器检测.空气中氯苯类化合物的最低检测浓度分别为:氯苯20 μg/m3,二氯苯0.5～0.8 μg/m3,三氯苯0.08～0.1 μg/m3,四氯苯0.03～0.05 μg/m3,五氯苯、六氯苯0.01 μg/m3.在空白试验中,回收率为90.7%～100.6%,相对标准偏差低于7.16%(n=5).结果表明,该测定方法简便、快速、准确、重现性好,适合环境空气中12种氯苯类化合物的痕量测定.