城市物质代谢及其调控

对比研究了城市系统与自然生态系统物质代谢的主要差别。从现代控制论原理出发,对城市物质代谢涉及的主要因素及其相互关系进行了结构性分类研究,建立了城市物质代谢的控制论理论模型。      

箭型固相微萃取技术与GCMSMS联用方法用于水中异味化合物的检测

箭型固相微萃取技术是近几年发展起来的一项新型样品前处理技术,灵敏度高,机械性能好,无需使用有机溶剂,利用该技术对生活饮用水中的异味物质进行富集,然后通过三重四极杆气质联用系统进行高通量筛查和定量分析.对萃取过程中的萃取温度、萃取时间、进样口解吸的深度等影响因素进行了优化.发现萃取头在进样口进行解吸时插入的深度对解吸速度和效率有显著的影响.采用优化的参数建立了57种异味物质的定量测定方法.方法验证结果显示,该方法灵敏度高,相比于传统的固相微萃取方法,检测限下降1个数量级;方法准确度高,所有化合物的线性良好,线性相关系数能达到0.99以上;方法重复性很好,实际水样加标水平10 ng·L^-1,重复测定10次,所有化合物的RSD值均小于20%,90%以上的化合物RSD小于10%.该方法各项性能均满足生活饮用水异味物质的检测要求,并且用于实际水样加标检测,无基质干扰的情况.     

基于物质流分析的可持续发展方法探讨——以珠江三角洲为例

文章以珠江三角洲为例,选取区域物质总需求、区域过程总排放、区域总排放等指标,对珠江三角洲社会经济系统的物质流进行核算,结果表明:(1)珠江三角洲区域物质总需求、区域总排放年均递减率在7%以上,资源使用密度、单位GDP物质排放年均分别减少10.3%、11.4%。说明珠江三角洲产业结构开始升级,环境朝着利好方向发展。(2)隐藏流在各类相关指标中占有比例较高,占区域总排放的比例年均高达98%。说明推行减量化生产,提高物质利用率,进一步推动循环经济发展已迫在眉睫。(3)物质排放强度地域差异明显,惠州、肇庆、中山、江门历年均低于珠江三角洲平均水平,深圳、东莞远高于平均水平;IPAT分析显示,A呈上升趋势,T值呈逐年下降的趋势。总体来看,珠江三角洲发展循环经济具有极大的潜力,也具有极强的现实意义。     

最棘手的工业废弃物

<正>工业废弃物危害人间2010年10月4日下午,匈牙利西部维斯普雷姆州一家铝厂的有毒废水池发生决堤事故。大约70万立方米有毒废水流入附近的3个村镇,造成7人死亡,120人受伤。同时,给附近村镇和毛尔曹尔河的生态环境带来了致命的打击,并威胁到多瑙河干流的水质安全。这种废水是提炼铝矿的产物,是有待处理的工业废弃物,即我们常说的工业垃圾。由于有毒而不能随便排放,只能以废水池留存待处理。日积月累,废水池中的有     

Lead adsorption capacities of different components in natural surface coatings

Pb adsorption capacities of Fe oxide, Mn oxide and organic materials in natural surface coatings (biofilms and associated minerals) collected in three lakes, two ponds and a river in Jilin Province, China and Cayuga Lake in US were studied. A novel extraction technique was employed to remove one or more component(s) from the surface coatings. Pb adsorption to surface coatings before and after extraction was performed to determine the adsorptive properties of the extracted component(s). The statistical analysis of observed Pb adsorption was carried out using nonlinear least squares fitting (NLSF) to estimate the Pb adsorption capacity of each component of surface coatings. For each body of water, the estimated Pb adsorption capacity of Mn oxide( mol Pb/mol Mn) was significantly higher than that of Fe oxide( mol Pb/ mol Fe). The value of estimated adsorption capacities of organic materials with the unit mol Pb per kg COD was similar to or less than that of Fe oxides with the unit mol Pb per mol Fe. Comparison of components of surface coatings in different waters showed that the estimated Pb adsorption capacities of components in surface coatings developed in different natural waters were different,especially for Mn oxides.     

Surface microlayer enrichment of volatile organic compounds and semi-volatile organic compounds in drinking water source

Enrichment of volatile organic compounds(VOC) and semi-volatility organic compounds(SVOC) in surface microlayer(SM) of three ddnking water sources were studied. The enrichment factor(EFs) were 0.67 to 13.37 and 0.16 to 136, respectively. The results showed some VOC and most SVOC could enrich in SM. Some EFs of SVOC was quite high. Suspension and temperature could affect EFs of SVOC, slim wind and water movement do not destroy enrichment of organic in SM.     

Bioavailability of bound residue derived from 14C-labeled chlorsulfuron in soil and its mechanism of phytotoxicity

The bioavailability of bound residue(BR) derived from ^14C-labeled chlorsulfuron in soil and effect of the main components of the BR on growth of rape( brassica napus) and rice( Oryza sativa L. ) were investigated. The results showed that the BR with the concentration of 0.28 and 0.56 nmol/g air-dried soil, which was calculated by special radioactivity of ^14C-labeled chlorsulfuron parent compound, resulted in significant depression effect on growth of rape seedling. It was assured that the main components(2-amino-4-methoxyl-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazine, 2-amino-4-hydroxyl-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazine, and 2-chloro-benzenesul-fonamide) of the BR did not inhibit the growth of rape and rice. LC-MS analysis demonstrated that the parent compound previously bound to the soil matrix could be again released and transformed into methanol-extractable residue during the course of rape growth. It was concluded that the molecular leading to the phytotoxicity to rape and rice in the BR is still the parent compound.     

国有石化企业安全管理工作的重心

石化工业由于大量使用可燃、腐蚀、有毒物质,引起的火灾、爆炸及中毒的危险性很大。同时,生产装置大型化、自动化程度越来越高、操作难度越来越大,因此生产装置由于局部小的问题引发连锁反应,形成重、特大恶性事故频率在增加,事故所产生的社会影响在加大,甚至造成国际影响。     

高压气瓶的安全使用

压缩气体的用途非常广范,在很多环境下都要用到,如冷冻、焊接、医疗过程、试验室试验等。当气体压缩后充装到气瓶中后,使气体易于运输和使用,但剧烈的压力能导致严重的危险,如气体爆炸。另外充装的气体有些具有可燃、有毒有害、温度极低等特定危害,所以使用时应注意气瓶上的标签与警告标志,严格按照相关的安全规程,了解不同的危害特性采取不同的防范措施。     

石化企业有毒有害气体环境预警体系建设研究

结合石化企业的实际情况和国内化工园区大气风险预警体系建设经验,从体系设计思路、风险预警因子、分级预警策略、扩散与溯源模型4方面对有毒有害气体环境预警体系建设进行探讨,为石化企业开展有毒有害气体环境预警工作提供借鉴。