酸雨形成机制及其影响因素的探讨

本文概述了酸雨的形成机制及影响酸雨酸度的因素。重点探讨了致碱物质，如气体氨、含有Ca^2 、Mg^2 的碱性粒子以及海盐氯循环对酸雨的缓冲作用。     

Supercritical water oxidation for the destruction of toxic organic wastewaters： A review

The destruction of toxic organic wastewaters from munitions demilitarization and complex industrial chemical clearly becomes an overwhelming problem if left to conventional treatment processes. Two options, incineration and supercritical water oxidation （SCWO）, exist for the complete destruction of toxic organic wastewaters. Incinerator has associated problems such as very high cost and public resentment; on the other hand, SCWO has proved to be a very promising method for the treatment of many different wastewaters with extremely efficient organic waste destruction 99.99% with none of the emissions associated with incineration. In this review, the concepts of SCWO, result and present perspectives of application, and industrial status of SCWO are critically examined and discussed.     

Occurrence, polarity and bioavailability of dissolved organic matter in the Huangpu River, China

Dissolved organic matter （DOM） plays an important role in biogeochemical cycles in aquatic ecosystem. To investigate the characteristics of DOM in Huangpu River {the last tributary of the Yangtze River）, surface water samples were collected along the river from December 2011 to June, 2013. The concentrations of dissolved organic carbon （DOC）, the absorbance and fluorescence spectrum of DOM in water samples were measured. Fluorescent DOM in the Huangpu River was decomposed into four components by the parallel factor analysis （PARAFAC）, including one humic-like substance and three protein-like substances. It showed that high spatial variability of DOC concentration was observed in the upstream water compared to the downstream water, and so did the absorbance coefficients of chromophoric dissolved organic matter and the total fluorescence intensities of different PARAFAC components of DOM. Furthermore, there was a large difference between the polarity and bioavailability of DOM in the Huangpu River. Polar compounds dominated tyrosine-like component of fluorescent DOM in all seasons. Tryptophan-like and humic-like substances had more polar fraction in summer and autumn than those in winter, while aromatic protein-like materials had the highest polar fraction in winter. Almost all of fluorescent DOM components were refractory in spring, while less than 20% of fluorescent DOM in average were biodegradable within 4 weeks in other seasons. We concluded that the spatial variation in the abundance of DOM in the Huangpu River is mainly affected by the water discharges from the Hangjiahu Plain and the seasonal difference in polarity and bioavailability of DOM is largely determined by its origins.     

熵析污水处理资源与能源化

熵为热力学第二定律中的抽象概念.按熵之理论,自然熵增和逆熵增维系着生态平衡.人类生产、生活过程中摄取资源并排放污/废水等熵增产物会促进物质熵增并破坏生态平衡,加速生物消亡.而缓释、甚至抵消这种“人为熵增”则乃实现蓝色发展目标的重要一环.如今,人为熵增所引发的自然物质熵变循环塌陷是不争的事实,“自然熵增”之原生态方法显然已不适合大规模处理城市污水,“加速熵增”的传统污水处理技术显然也已不合时宜,只有发展“逆熵增”的污水处理资源、能源化技术才是人间正道.通过对熵的具象化释义,揭示出传统污水处理技术以及污泥填埋方式为“加速熵增”过程,对人类可持续发展十分不利.只有模拟元素循环的自然的“逆熵增”过程,才能使得污水处理走向可持续发展水平.因此,污水资源化与能源化首当其冲,一定是未来污水处理的发展方向.只有通过人工缓释熵增(高效低耗污水处理技术)和促进逆熵增手段(资源与能源化技术)才能抵消人为熵增造成的影响,从而维持生态平衡.     

亚硫酸钙脱硫法及其机理

针对石灰乳直接脱硫存在的结垢问题,提出了亚硫酸钙脱硫法,并研究了该法的反应机理及主要因素对脱硫率的影响,确立了适宜的操作条件.即在空塔气速2.75m/s、L/G=3.0 L/m³、固含量6.7%、气温31℃、进口SO₂初始体积分数1500×10^-6、进塔液pH=8.0并维持不变的条件下,连续运转中的脱硫率可达87%.该法从理论上解释、实践上解决了石灰湿法脱硫过程中设备的结垢问题,其实质是以全钙基物质为脱硫剂的新型间接石灰法.     

如何识别一次性餐具优劣

日前,国际食品包装协会对我国一次性塑料餐饮具、一次性纸质餐饮具等进行抽查,抽检合格率为64.5%。现实生活中一次性餐具我们无处不见,我们如何慧眼识别一次性餐具的优劣呢?塑料餐盒岂能以假乱真劣质的一次性塑料餐盒由于价格低廉,几分钱就能买到一个,因此受到一些小饭店的欢迎。例如在劣质餐盒的制作中,一般都加入了大量工业级碳酸钙、滑石粉、石蜡等有毒有害材料,对使用者的健康构成直接威胁。     

介质阻挡放电等离子去除PFOA的影响因素及机制研究

采用介质阻挡放电等离子对全氟辛酸(PFOA)进行降解研究,考察了PFOA初始浓度、放电峰-峰值电压、溶液初始p H及初始电导率对PFOA降解的影响.结果表明介质阻挡放电等离子对PFOA具有良好的降解效果.在峰-峰值电压为14 k V,初始电导率为50μS·cm-1条件下,2h脱氟率可达48.43%.TOC去除符合伪一级反应动力学,速率常数为0.4075 h-1,去除率达53.30%,投加羟基自由基(·OH)捕获剂实验表明:·OH是主要的活性物质,对PFOA脱氟贡献率78.30%.采用UPLC-QTOF/MS对反应产物进行检测,并推测PFOA可能的降解路径:1·OH氧化PFOA进行脱氟反应生成C6F13C(OH)2COOH,经分子内脱H2O生成C6F13COCOOH;2·OH氧化PFOA分子,使羧酸键—COOH断裂,生成醛类C7F13HO,最后两者都经·OH氧化成C6F13COOH,然后按上述过程逐级脱去CF2生成短链全氟羧酸.     

酵母双杂交法筛检酚类物质的内分泌干扰作用

 利用酵母双杂交系统对4种天然和合成的雌激素,4种植物性激素以及14种常用于自来水供水系统中的酚类物质进行了内分泌干扰作用的筛检测定.结果表明,这些物质的作用强度与其结构有很大的关系.14种人工合成的化学物质中,有8种显示出b-半乳糖甘酶诱导活性.从与雌激素受体结合活性值的比较结果可以推测,没有显示出b-半乳糖甘酶诱导活性的物质可能具有抗雌激素(antagonist)作用.     

基于重金属类有毒空气污染物重点行业分析的优先控制政策研究

我国5种重金属类有毒空气污染物（Pb,Hg,Cd,Cr,As及其化合物）排放量大,不仅严重破坏生态环境,也极大威胁人体健康,亟待完善污染防治政策。本文分析了排放这5种重金属类有毒空气污染物的重点行业,然后基于行业分析结果,提出我国重金属类有毒空气污染物的优先控制政策,为相关管理部门决策提供参考。具体建议如下：第一,优先控制5种重金属类有毒空气污染物;第二,制定重金属类有毒空气污染物排放标准;第三,放源分类管理;第四,多污染物协同控制;第五,提升监管能力;第六,加强宣传教育,鼓励公众监督。     

太湖草型湖区沉积物中生物易降解物质组成与分布规律

为研究富营养化条件下草型湖区水生植物碎屑快速沉积对沉积物中有机质组成及营养状态的影响,选取太湖胥口湾为研究区,采集沉积物柱状样,探究沉积物中色素、碳、氮、磷及生物易降解物质的组成和分布规律.结果表明,胥口湾沉积物中色素、碳、氮、磷及生物易降解物质整体表现为表层富集特征,主要集中在沉积物表层15 cm;沉积物中氮负荷高于磷负荷,且存在显著的空间差异性;沉积物TN含量在127. 2～2 092. 8 mg·kg~(-1),沉积物TP含量在222. 1～528. 4 mg·kg~(-1),水生植物分布区(1 033. 6 mg·kg~(-1))氮负荷显著高于无植被区(325. 2 mg·kg~(-1)).沉积物中生物易降解物质以糖类(3. 7 mg·g-1)为主,其次是脂类(2. 8 mg·g-1)和蛋白质(2. 3 mg·g-1);水生植物碎屑残体是沉积物中营养盐和易降解有机质的主要来源,水生植物分布区沉积物中色素、碳、氮、磷及生物易降解有机质含量均显著高于无植被区(P 0. 01);胥口湾沉积物逐渐由中营养状态向富营养状态过渡,整体已经趋向于富营养化状态,在今后的湖泊管理和调控过程中需予以关注.