植物杀虫剂资源的开发利用

植物杀虫剂资源的开发利用王剑文，付昀，宋启示，张智英，佘宇平（中国科学院昆明生态研究所，昆明６５０２２３）随着化学杀虫剂在农业生产上的广泛应用，害虫抗药性、环境污染等系列问题日益引起人们的关注。作为生物性农药的主要组成——植物杀虫剂受到国内外农药界的...     

江苏好收成韦恩农化股份有限公司

江苏好收成韦恩农化股份有限公司是一家以生产农药除草剂为主，农药杀虫剂和化工产品为辅的综合性化工企业，是国家农药重点生产企业和江苏省高新技术企业，生产技术出含量领先于国内同行，具有优质、低耗、低污染的优势，公司通过了ISO9001质量管理体系认证和ISO14001环境管理体系认证。     

Individual and combined toxic effects of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos on earthworm

Toxicities were assessed for a pyrethroid (cypermethrin) and an organophosphate insecticide (chlorpyrifos) individually and in combination. A series of tests were conducted on di erent responses (acute, chronic, behavioral) of earthworms of species Eisenia fetida andrei in the ecological risk assessment of these pesticides. The results showed that the toxicity of the mixture of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos was significantly higher than either of these pesticides individually, especially on the earthworm’s chronic responses. At a concentration of 5 mg/kg, the mixture caused significant reductions on the growth and reproduction rates of earthworms, but did not cause any significant e ect when the individual was tested. The increase in toxicity of the pesticide mixture means that the use of toxicity data obtained exclusively from single-pesticide experiments may underestimate the ecological risk of pesticides that actually present in the field.     

拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂对水生态系统的毒性作用

拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂主要用于防治棉田、菜地、果树和茶叶上的农业害虫以及卫生害虫,也用于渔业生产上杀灭寄生虫。近几年来其使用量越来越大,是传统有机磷农药的替代品。它具有高效广谱、低残留的特点,对光稳定,在哺乳动物体内代谢、排泄迅速,但是对水生态系统危害较大。报道了拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂对水生生物的急、慢性毒性和中毒机理的研究进展,阐述了有待研究的方向。     

Isolation, characterization and phylogenetic analysis of a bacterial strain capable of degrading acetamiprid

An aerobic bacterium, capable of degrading the new chloronicotine pesticide acetamiprid, was isolated from the sludge of pesticide factory after successive enrichment cultures and named strain FH2 which is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, obligate aerobic org     

Effects of cyclodextrins on hydrolysis of malathion

Cyclodextrins （CDs）, with hydrophobic interior cavity and hydrophilic external surface, are capable of accelerating or inhibiting chemical degradation of organophosphorus pesticides through forming inclusion complexes between CDs and pesticides. This work evaluated the effects of CDs on hydrolysis of malathion in an attempt to assess their potential application in environmental approach. β-CD and its two derivatives, randomly methylated β-CD （RAMEB） and hydroxypropyl β-CD （HP-β-CD）, were tested. It was found that RAMEB could inhibit the hydrolysis of malathion, and this was the function of pH and temperature, the inhibitory effects increase with increasing concentration of RAMEB and elevating temperature between 15 and 35℃. On the other hand, β-CD and HP-β-CD have little or no stabilizing effects on malathion at all pH and temperature studied, except that the large concentration of β-CD and HP- β-CD can mildly reduce hydrolysis of malathion. Both 2 mol/L and 5 mol/L urea increase the inhibitory effects of RAMEB on hydrolysis of malathion at 25℃, oH 9.0.     

玉米浸泡液制备苏云金杆菌生物杀虫剂的影响因素研究

以玉米淀粉生产过程中的浸泡液为培养基,摇瓶发酵培养苏云金杆菌生物杀虫剂,通过一系列单因子试验,考察了不同培养条件(种子液的种龄、接种量、浸泡液的含固率、初始pH值、摇床转速、发酵温度及发酵时间)对苏云金杆菌在玉米浸泡液中的生长(菌数增长与芽孢形成)以及发酵液的生物毒效的影响.研究表明,在最佳摇瓶培养条件(种子液种龄10 h,接种量2%,浸泡液含固量3%,初始pH值7.0～7.5,摇床转速200 r/min,发酵温度30℃)下发酵48 h,活菌数和活芽孢数分别可达到7.9×108 CFU/mL和5.5×108 CFU/mL,毒力效价为698.0 IU/μL.本试验可为生物农药的工业化生产提供实用参数.     

小学生大智慧：把“一枝黄花”变成杀虫剂

一个偶然的机会,“一枝黄花”引起了合肥市49中两名小学五年级学生马新元和王闻捷的浓厚兴趣。他们了解到,“一枝黄花”目前还没有天敌,虫子不吃它。“能不能将一枝黄花的汁液喷洒到蔬菜上,来驱赶或杀死虫子,从而保护蔬菜呢？”在泡了6个月的实验室后,马新元和王闻捷终于成功提取汁液,找到灭虫的最佳浓度。     

杀虫剂类持久性有机污染物废物处置技术评价研究

联用专家评估和层次分析法,对水泥窑共处置、危险废物焚烧两项杀虫剂类持久性有机污染物(POPs)焚烧处置技术和包括碱金属还原、气相化学还原、碱性催化分解、超临界水氧化、等离子体电弧、熔盐氧化、溶解电子、球磨、玻璃固化、加氢脱氯催化在内的10项非焚烧处置技术进行评价。结果表明:以水泥窑共处置技术为代表的焚烧技术,由于其较好的稳定性、可行性和广谱性,在整体评价上优于非焚烧处置技术;在非焚烧技术的应用上,应优先发展碱金属还原、超临界水氧化、碱性催化分解和等离子体电弧技术,从而提高应对复杂情况下处理杀虫剂类POPs的能力。     

植物世界的“知心”伴侣

在农药和化肥大量施用,严重威胁食品安全、环境安全,大棚蔬菜大都淡而无味的今天,广泛深入研究伴侣植物的知识,可大大减少化学杀虫剂的使用,既降低成本、节约用工,又为生产绿色有机、高品质果品奠定基础,开拓了生态农业、旅游农业的新途径。