农药混配剂对大鼠肠酯酶同工酶的抑制作用研究

比较了速灭杀丁、杀螟松和增效剂NIA_(16388)的单剂和混剂在离体与整体条件下对大鼠肠脂酶同工酶的抑制作用.结果表明,大鼠肠至少有10条酯酶带,主要由羧酸酯酶组成.杀螟松能强烈抑制羧酸酯酶活力,而速灭杀丁与NIA_(16388)在处理2h时呈现抑制作用,而随处理时间的增加酶活力有恢复的现象,羧酸酯酶的这种抑制作用同杀虫剂的剂量有关.     

两种新型杀虫剂对小鼠及蝌蚪微核形成率的影响

研究了吡虫啉和抑食肼对小鼠骨髓细胞及蝌蚪红细胞微核率的影响.实验结果表明,上述两种杀虫剂在不同的暴露系统中,呈现了不同的致突变效应.与阴性对照组相比,小鼠骨髓细胞微核形成率无显著性差异(P＞0.05),而它们对蝌蚪红细胞均呈现明显的致突变效应(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),且吡虫啉的致突变性明显高于抑食肼.     

液相飞行时间质谱(LC/MSD TOF)和液相色谱/离子阱质谱(LC/MSD Trap)测定色拉蔬菜中的氯烟碱类杀虫剂

本工作考察了液相色谱／飞行时间质谱检测器(LC／MSDTOF)和液相／离子阱质谱检测器(LC／MSD Trap)联用技术分析一些氯烟碱类杀虫剂的可行性．杀虫剂包括：啶虫咪(acetamiprid)，吡虫啉(imidacloprid)和噻虫啉(thiacloprid)．色拉蔬菜有四种：番茄、辣椒、莴苣和黄瓜．本文介绍的内容包括三种氯烟碱类杀虫剂的LC／MSDTOF和LC／MSD Trap质谱，TOF获得的实验分子式和四种蔬菜基质中氯烟碱类杀虫剂的MS／MS碎片离子．同时也将详细介绍样品制备程序以及色拉蔬菜中杀虫剂的回收、最低检测限(MDL)的质谱质量、线性，使用TOF和Trap对纯溶剂和四种蔬菜提取物中杀虫剂的定量分析．给出了来自市场的实际色拉蔬菜样品中杀虫剂的分析结果．     

保护海水免受杀虫剂污染的卫生学问题

据联合国世界卫生组织审定,杀虫剂,特别是有机氯杀虫剂(ХОП)是对环境污染面积大,危害严重的一种污染物。目前,杀虫剂同石油产品、重金属、去污剂一样已成为海洋环境的主要污染物。联合国环境规划署指出,从对人体危害的观点来看,杀虫剂于海洋环境的有毒物质中居第二位,仅次于放射性核素和汞。 有机氯杀虫剂对海洋环境的污染具有全球性,且呈增长趋势。在全世界范围大量生产和     

环境税收对墨西哥杀虫剂的影响

一种最理想的杀虫剂税将按照毒性程度对市场销售的物质加以区分．在墨西哥采取这一税收是准备将来扩展按照国际协议逐步淘汰并最终消除的杀虫剂名单的最有效的方法．本文分析了三种不同的环境征税方案的内涵：对所有的杀虫剂普遍征税15％（弥补目前免征增值税的状况）；根据毒性分别征税15％、10％、5％或者0％；对现在经审定的毒性最大的物质征税10%，税收必须用于恢复人类和生态系统健康以及赔付其他类型的损害。     

ASE 快速溶剂萃取仪提取持久性有机污染物（POPs）的应用（一）

持久性有机污染物（POPs）是指具有高毒性、生物蓄积型和半挥发性、在环境中持久存在且能在大气中长距离迁移并沉积回地球的极地地区,对人类监控和环境造成严重危害的有机化学污染物,1997年,联合国环境规划署决定对12种POPs物质立即采取行动减少或消除它们的产生.这12种有机污染物包括9种有机氯杀虫剂：滴滴涕、六氯苯、氯丹、     

Distribution of persistent organochlorine pesticides in tissue/organ of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) from Guanting Reservoir, China

The concentration of organochlorine pesticides（OCPs） in tissues and organs of silver carp（Hypophthalmichthys mofitrix） from Guanting Reservoir were investigated to evaluate the pollution potential and distribution of OCPs. A total of 16 OCPs were measured and the concentrations were in the range of 1.61-69.01 ng/g wet weight（ww） for total OCPs, 0.16- 0.75 ng/g ww for HCB. 0.75 -26.80 ng/g ww for SHCH（sum of α-,β-, γ- and δ-HCH） and 0.68-35.94 ng/g ww for SDDT（ sum of p, p＇-DDE, p, p＇-DDD, o, p＇-DDT and p, p＇- DDT）. The mean concentrations of total OCPs, HCB, ∑HCH, and ∑DDT were 18.04, 0.96, 7.14 and 9.28 ng/g ww, respectively. Among the organochlorine pesticides, β-HCH and p, p＇-DDE were the most dominant compounds in tissue and organ with the average concentrations of 4.42 and 8.14 ng/g, respectively. The results obtained in this study show that the levels of 16 OCP residues found in silver carps are low and pose no threat to human health and wildlife fed upon them on the basis of existing related quality guidelines. However, recent input of lindane and DDT might still exist in the area investigated and further investigation should be carried on.     

Biodegradation of imazapyr in typical soils in Zhejiang Province, China

The degradation of imazapyr in non-sterile and sterile soils from four sampling sites in Zhejiang, China was studied. The results showed that the half-lives of imazapyr in non-sterile soils were in the range of 30 to 45 d, while 81 to 133 d in sterile( by autoclaving) soils. It means the rate constants of imazapyr under non-sterile conditions were 2.3--4.4 times faster than that under sterile(by autoclaving)conditions, evidently indicating that the indigenous microorganisms in soil play an important role in the degradation of imazapyr. The different sterilization methods could result in different degradation rates of imazapyr. The heat of sterilization of soil largely decreased the degradation. However, the sterile treatment of soil by sodium azide had a different effect from that by autoclaving. Further more, the mechanism was also discussed. Biodegradation in four non-sterile soils accounted for 62% to 78% of imazapyr degradation. In contrast, less than 39% of imazapyr degradation was associated with chemical mechanisms. Therefore, the degradation mechanism was predominantly involved in biology including organisms and microorganisms in soil. Two imazapyr-degrading bacterial strains were isolated in enrichment culture technique and they were identified as Pseudomonas fluorescenes biotype [[ ( ZJX-5 ) and Bacillus cereus (ZJX-9),respectively. When added at a concentration of 50μg/g in mineral salts medium(MSM), ZJX-5 and ZJX-9 could degrade 81% and 87% imazapyr after 48h of incubation. For the treatment of incorporation of ZJX-5 or ZJX-9 into soil, the degradation rate enhanced 3-4 fold faster than that for control samples, which showed an important value in quick decontamination of imazapyr in soil.     

Reduction of recruitment of Acartia pacifica nauplii from benthic resting eggs due to organochlorine pesticides

Many estuarine and coastal planktonic copepods depend on the hatching of benthic resting eggs for recruitment ofnauplii to the water column population. The potential effects of two organochlorine pesticides, hexchloriobinzene （HCH） and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane （DDT）, on the recruitment of A ccu＇tla pacifica nauplii from benthic resting eggs in the seabed of Xiamen Bay were experimentally investigated. The abundance of A. pacifica nauplii hatched from the sediment significantly decreased with the increase of pesticide concentration. Trimmed Spearman-Karber analysis gave sediment 96-h LC50 values were 84.81 ng/g for HCH, and 157.94 ng/g for DDT. The median AI （Al50） was -0.77, which suggested that the combined effect of riCH and DDT showed a weak effect than individual effects. There was a positive relationship between mortality and exposure time in DDT treatment, while the relationship was not significant in HCH treatment. The results suggest that organochlorine pesticides can reduce recruitment of A. pacifica nauplii from benthic resting eggs to planktonic population.     

溴甲烷的职业危害与防护

<正>溴甲烷(Methyl Bromide,Monobromomethane)又称甲基溴、溴代甲烷、一溴甲烷,分子式为CH3Br,为无色透明易挥发、有甜味的液体。分子量94.95,比重1.6755(20/4℃),沸点4.6℃,可溶于乙醇、乙醚、氯仿、二硫化碳、四氯化碳、苯等多数有机溶剂,微溶于水,其本身也是一种溶解性很强的有机溶剂,能腐蚀铝、镁和它们的合金。它在氧气中易燃,在