农药对农田蜘蛛生态效应的研究进展

农药对农田蜘蛛的生态效应是进行农田害虫综合防治的生态学基础.本文综述了农田蜘蛛接触和吸收农药的主要途径、农药对蜘蛛的生态效应、蜘蛛对农药的抗性以及农药对蜘蛛的致死效应等研究现状.关于农药对农田蜘蛛亚致死效应的研究,特别是分子、生化、生理、行为等方面的异常,国内外报道不多,因此这方面的研究工作有待于进一步加强.参47     

一硫代磷酸酯杀虫剂的酶促降解

从降解菌ＹＦ１１中提取了降解权衡利弊并测定了该降解酶对对硫磷,甲基对硫磷和杀螟松的降解特性。对硫磷和甲基对硫磷酶促降解的最适ｐＨ均为８．０,杀螟松的最适ｐＨ为８．５,最适温度为３２．５℃,该降解酶对对硫磷,甲基对硫磷和杀螟松的米氏常数分别为１８７．２,２０５．５和２１２．４ｍｍｏｌ／ｍｌ。     

Persistent organochlorine residues in sediments of the Haihe River and Dagu Drainage River in Tianjin, China

Persistent organochlorine compounds were analyzed by means of GC-ECD in surface sediment samples from two selected rivers in Tianjin, Haihe River and Dagu Drainage River. A total of 16 surface sediment sites were selected along the both rivers. The frequency of detection of T-HCH and T-DDT in sediment samples both was up to 100%, which illustrated that the contamination of HCH and DDT was widespread in Haihe and Dagu Drainage Rivers. Results indicated that the concentrations of various pesticides in sediments from Haihe River were in the range of 3.30-75.96 ng/g dw for T-HCH and 1.57-211.57 ng/g dw for T-DDT. Compared with Haihe River, Dagu Drainage River was contaminated by HCHs and DDTs along the all locations and the values of T-HCH and T-DDT residues in sediments ranged from 2.30 to 124.61 ng/g dw and from 11.28 to 237.30 ng/g dw, respectively, The possible pollution sources were analyzed through monitoring results of organochlorine pesticides（OCPs） residues in sediments from the two rivers. The investigation also indicated that HCH was still used as pesticide in Tianjin partial area.     

我国农药类环境内分泌干扰物使用现状和对策

环境内分泌干扰物(EDs)已成为全球关注的环境问题。很多农药，如杀虫剂六六六、DDT和除草剂乙草胺、莠去津等都是EDs。随着我国农业的发展，农药的使用非常普遍，用量不断增长，是我国EDs研究和控制的重点。本文分析了农药类EDs的危害和当前我国几种主要EDs农药的使用现状，提出了一些应对政策和建议措施。     

Spatial variability of organochlorine pesticides （DDTs and HCHs） in surface soils from the alluvial region of Beijing, China

The spatial variability in the concentrations of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) in surface soils was studied on the basis of the analysis of 131 soil samples collected from the surface layer (0-20 cm depth) of the alluvial region of Beijing, China. The concentrations of total HCHs (including α-, β-, γ-, and δ-isomers) and total DDTs (i ncluding p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, and o,p'-DDT) in the surface soils tested were in the range from nondetectable to 31.72 μg/kg dry soil, with a mean value of 0.91, and from nondetectable to 5910.83 μg/kg dry soil, with a mean value of 32.13,respectively. It was observed that concentrations of HCHs in all soil samples and concentrations of DDTs in 112 soil samples were much lower than the first grade (50 μg/kg) permitted in "Environment quality standard for soils in China (GB15618-1995)". This suggests that the pollution due to organochlorine pesticides was generally not significant in the farmland soils in the Beijing alluvial region. In this study, the spatial distribution and trend of HCHs and DDTs were analyzed using Geostatistical Analyst and GS (513).Spatial distribution indicated how these pesticides had been applied in the past. Trend analysis showed that the concentrations of HCHs,DDTs, and their related metabolites followed an obvious distribution trend in the surface soils from the alluvial region of Beijing.     

使用Waters Integrity LC／MS System鉴定除草剂及杀虫剂

环境中除草剂/杀虫剂的检测分析难度很大,Waters可提供对除草剂/杀虫剂进行化合物鉴定的全套设备和方法:用三官能团 C_(18) Sep-Pak小柱,Nova-Pak分析柱,以及Integrity System可对除草剂/杀虫剂进行批量浓缩,并可很容易地从复杂化合物中进行分离和检测,以超高灵敏度进行化合物鉴定.由于Integrity System是结合了PDA和MS的先进功能的HPLC系统,因此成为分析水中污染物的利器.     

《寂静的春天》出版：警示人们善用农药

从20世纪40年代起,人们开始大量生产和使用六六六、DDT等剧毒杀虫剂以提高粮食产量。 到了50年代,这些有机氯化物被广泛使用在生产和生活中。这些剧毒物的确在短期内起到了杀虫的效果,粮食产量得到了空前的提高。 然而,这些剧毒物的制造者和使用者们却全然没有想到,这些用于杀死害虫的毒物会对环境及人类贻害无穷。它们通过空气、水、土壤等潜入农作物,残留在粮食、蔬菜中,或通过饲料、饮用水进人畜体,继而又通过食物链或空气进入人体。这种有机氯化物在人体中积存,可使人的神经系统和肝脏功能遭到损害,可引起皮肤癌,可使胎儿畸形或引起死胎。同时,这些药物的大量使用使许多害虫产生了抵抗力,并由于生物链结构的改变而使一些原本无害的昆虫变为害虫了。人类制造的杀虫剂,无异于为自己     

生物传感器在环境监测中的应用

介绍了生物传感器在环境监测中的应用，主要分析了酶传感器、微生物传感器、免疫传感器及DNA传感器在环境监测中的作用机理及监测方法，并针对环境中的杀虫剂、爆炸类物质、有毒污染物及水体中的BOD负荷等的监测进行了较详细的论述，对生物传感器的发展方向及前景进行了展望。     

南开菊酯微生物降解的研究

南开菊酯(高效反体氯氰菊酯),是一种新型广谱杀虫剂,经研究可被微生物降解。其溶液中细菌总数的消长,与其降解速率呈正相关关系,说明南开菊酯可被微生物分解利用,在研究土壤混合菌对其降解作用的同时,发现筛选出优势菌株(NK102)。     

甲基异柳磷对大鼠游离肝细胞结构与功能影响及其在肝细胞中的代谢动力学研究

研究结果表明,甲基异柳磷(MeISP)在1.5mmol/L终浓度时对肝细胞有明显毒性,表现为膜通透性增高,细胞内丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、β-葡糖苷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶(AcP)漏出率增高,且ALT和LDH漏出率同MeISP间呈良好的剂量-效应关系;迅速耗损细胞内GSH;同MeISP共同温育30min的肝细胞膜发生明显的囊泡化;几乎完全抑制肝细胞蛋白质合成和糖异生功能.在15μmol/L终浓度下,在肝细胞内代谢迅速,符合代谢动力学一室模型(one—compartment model).