球衣菌吸附重金属Hg2+的理化条件及其机理研究

采用球衣菌(Sphaerotglus natans)FQ32为生物吸附剂,研究了初始离子浓度、吸附剂用量、菌龄、pH值、温度和吸附时间等理化因素对其吸附重金属Hg2 的影响,并进一步研究了吸附机理.结果表明,球衣菌在Hg2 浓度为16 mg·L-1、吸附剂用量0.4g·L-1、菌龄16h、pH 7、温度30℃、吸附时间90 rmin时的优化条件下,对Hg2 的吸附量为72.86 mg·g-1;该吸附过程是一个快速的过程,在吸附5 min时,吸附量达总吸附量的74.10%,90 min达到吸附平衡;此过程符Langmuir等温方程.等温模型、透射电镜观察和红外光谱分析显示,菌体细胞表面的活性基团与Hg2 的络合反应是球衣菌吸附Hg2 的主要机理.     

已发布的49项TC100标准

截至1997年底,经国家技术监督局和公安部技术监督委员会批准,并发布实施的安全技术防范标准共49项,其中国家标准25项、行业标准24项。这些标准是:     

絮凝菌的筛选、培养条件优化及对屠宰场废水的处理

采用分离纯化技术从淤泥样品中筛选出一株高效絮凝剂产生菌,编号为M-3。通过形态学观察、生理生化鉴定及16S r DNA序列同源性比对,鉴定M-3菌为蜡样芽胞杆菌。对M-3菌株进行产絮培养条件优化,并测定了最佳培养条件下制备的活性絮凝物质对屠宰场废水的絮凝效率。结果表明:该菌最佳培养条件为p H=7.0,培养温度30℃,装液量200 m L/500 m L;活性絮凝物对高岭土悬浮液的絮凝率达88.4%;在屠宰场废水p H值超过8时有较好的絮凝效果,p H值为12时效果最佳,絮凝率和COD去除率分别为78.0%、34.6%,絮凝剂最佳投加比例为1~2 m L/100 m L,助絮剂1%Ca Cl2最佳投加比例为3~4 m L/100 m L。     

操作条件对UF&RO工艺制取纯水效率的影响

采用UF＆RO膜组合工艺制取纯水,考察各项操作条件对系统效率的影响.结果表明,自来水经UF＆RO膜组合工艺装置的出水满足试验纯水水质要求.对于UF系统,冲洗频率、过滤方式和操作压力均影响系统的制水效率.冲洗频率越大,制水效率越高;各种过滤方式中,死端过滤效率最高;在一定范围内,操作压力升高,制水效率反而下降.对于RO系统,应根据出水水质要求,选择合适的回收率和操作压力.     

黔北下志留统龙马溪组黑色泥岩沉积环境及页岩气成藏条件

下志留统龙马溪组发育黑色泥岩,分布在贵州北部。为阐明其沉积环境和页岩气成藏条件,研究分析了沉积特征和地球化学特征。泥岩具粉砂泥质结构或泥质结构,岩层多为薄层,普遍具水平层理,含浸染状黄铁矿颗粒,表明沉积水动力弱、沉积速率较低。泥岩的Mo、V、U的富集系数都大于1,Ce异常的平均值为-0.033,特定元素比值(V/Cr、Ni/Co、V/(V+Ni)和Ce/La)都显示泥岩形成于缺氧环境。总体上,龙马溪组黑色泥岩的沉积环境为水体较深、沉积速率较低、呈缺氧还原状态。龙马溪组黑色泥岩的TOC含量在2.78%～4.36%之间,平均值为3.79%;镜质体反射率(R_o)在1.88%～2.16%之间,平均值为1.99%,反映有机质已达成熟-过成熟的干气阶段;有效厚度在10～100 m之间,脆性矿物含量一般在20%～30%之间,埋深大概在0～3 500 m。地层厚度从南至北逐渐增大,其余参数各剖面相似。因此,具有页岩气资源潜力的区域大致在桐梓-绥阳以北地区。这些特征综合表明龙马溪组黑色泥岩具备形成页岩气藏的良好条件,存在较高的页岩气资源潜力。     

Enhanced struvite recovery from wastewater using a novel cone-inserted fluidized bed reactor

The feasibility of struvite recovery at low （12.5 mg/L） and high （120 mg[L） phosphorus concentrations was studied by constructing a novel fluidized bed reactor with cones （FBRwc） and without cones （FBRwoc）. The crystallization process was continuously operated for 133 days under different hydraulic retention times （HRT = 1-10 hr）, pH （7.5-10）, and molar ratios of Mg/P （0.75-1.75）, N/P （1-10） and Ca/Mg （0-2）. The optimum operating conditions of HRT, pH, Mg/P and N/P molar ratios were found to be 2 hr, 9, 1.25, and 7.5, respectively. Under these optimum conditions, the phosphorus precipitation efficiencies of FBRwc were 93% for low and 98% for high phosphorus influent; however, the efficiencies were 78% and 81% for FBRwoc, respectively. Due to crystal losses at each junction （17%-31%）, the crystal recovery efficiency of FBRwoc was relatively low （47%-65%） for both influent concentrations. However, the losses were minimal in FBRwc, which showed 75% and 92% crystal recovery for low and high phosphorus concentrations, respectively. At low calcium concentration, crystal chemical analysis showed the product to be pure struvite （〉 99%）. The scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction results further confirmed that the crystal recovered from FBRwc contained pure struvite, which could be considered a high quality fertilizer. Except HRT, all parameters （pH, Mg/P, N/P and Ca/Mg） were found to be influencing factors for FBRwc performance. Overall, inserting cones in each part of the reactor played a significant role in enhancing struvite recovery from a wide range of phosphorus-containing wastewater.     

Critical velocity in phosphorus exchange processes across the sediment-water interface

Sediments are ultimate sinks of nutrients in lakes that record the pollution history evolutionary processes, and anthropogenic activities of a lake. However, sediments are considered as inner sources of environmental factor changes such as the variation in hydrodynamic conditions because of the nutrients they release. How does this process happen？ This study investigates a typical nutrient phosphorus （P） exchange among sediment, suspended particle matter （SPM）, and water. Compared with numerical and experimental studies, this study confirms that the critical velocity that occurs at a lower flow rate state exists in the range of 7 to 15 crn/sec. Critical velocity below the critical flow rate promotes the migration of particulate phosphorus （PP） to the SPM. On the other hand, critical velocity above the critical flow rate promotes the release of PP in water.     

过滤—反冲洗实验装置的工艺性研究

过滤是废水处理操作单元之一,目的是截留废水中的悬浮颗粒、包括胶体粒子、细菌、各种浮游生物、乳化油等,从而降低废水的浊度、COD等。论文是依据过滤—反冲洗的实验装置,通过测定不同滤速下模拟废水的水质指标,得到其实验装置滤速为9m/h的最佳工艺条件。     

基于不同利益相关方认知的水源地生态补偿探讨——以上海市水源地和用水区居民问卷调查为例

采用实地问卷调查和条件价值法评估上海市饮用水源保护的利益相关方认知,探讨黄浦江上游水源地生态补偿机制。研究结果表明,当前水源保护相关政策认知比例普遍较低,水源地部分居民福利受到一定影响,对政府补偿政策的期望较为一致,用水区多数居民愿意分担部分水源保护的责任和义务;水源地WTA和用水区WTP分别为1526元/(月•户)和306元/(月•户),相应未来5年的总受偿意愿和总支付意愿为759.48×10⁸元和465.08×10⁸元;生态补偿方案的合理设计以及不同利益相关方的良好沟通是解决水源地环境冲突的关键。     

一块小型人工湿地的环境经济价值评估

采用条件价值法对一块小型人工湿地系统进行环境经济价值评价.计算出该人工湿地系统总价值87600元,总经济效益15600元,环境经济效益显著.对影响评价结果的一些因素进行了讨论,认为所得的评估价值偏低.因此,小型人工湿地用于养殖场污水处理具有良好的应用前景.