锡盟沙尘暴的时空分布及其与气候因子的关系

利用内蒙古锡林郭勒盟15个气象站30年(1971-2000年)的沙尘暴观测资料,分析了沙尘暴发生日数的时空分布以及气候因子对沙尘暴日数的影响.结果表明,锡盟的中西部是沙尘暴的易发区,其中苏尼特右旗及朱日和是沙尘暴的高值区;从单站的沙尘暴日数来看,沙尘暴的发生时间有明显的日变化和季节差异,30年间除朱日和站沙尘暴年际变化趋势不明显外,其它两站的沙尘暴日数均有显著的下降趋势;沙尘暴的年代际变化也呈减少的趋势.大风对沙尘暴发生次数的影响最为显著,单站的相关系数在0.60以上(通过0.05显著性检验);平均气温日较差与沙尘暴日数也呈显著正相关;其中锡林浩特站的年均气温及冬春季平均气温与沙尘暴日数有显著负相关;降水量对沙尘暴的发生次数有一定的影响,尤其是前期降水量与次年沙尘暴的发生有较好的负相关.     

河南省雷暴日数时空分布的非均一性特征

利用河南省气候中心编制的97个台站1961-2000年雷暴日数的资料,对该省境内雷暴发生的时空分布非均一性进行了分析.结果表明:全省平均雷暴日数有明显下降的趋势;雷暴日数站间偏度系数具有明显的年际变化特征,80%的年代表现为正偏;而其峰度系数则60%的年份为负值,且具有明显的年际变化特征.年平均雷暴日数及其均方差空间分布型态比较一致.豫北、豫西和豫东南分别出现3个雷暴高发区,其中豫东南强度最大,豫西强度与其相当,豫北相对较小.历年雷暴日数以正偏为主;峰度系数则以负值为主.河南省除信阳地区外,各站雷暴日数在0.05置信水平上服从正态分布.     

汶川地震滑坡的分布特点及最大震中距分析

"5·12"汶川大地震诱发了大规模以滑坡、崩塌为主的地质灾害,这些震害地区改变了原有的地貌形态,形成多处堰塞湖,毁坏民房和道路,使之成为严重的次生滑坡灾害危险区域.以成都市的都江堰市、彭州市、崇州市、邛崃市、大邑县地震区为研究区,分析了滑坡分布与震区地质地貌条件和宏观烈度的统计关系.在确定宏观震中位置的基础上,采用最大地震滑坡震中距方法研究了不同规模滑坡的分布特点,并得到了线性分布的规律.     

每年5月12日为“防灾减灾日”

经国务院批准,自2009年起,每年5月12目为“防灾减灾日”。 我国是世界上自然灾害最为严重的国家之一,灾害种类多、分布地域广、发生频率高、造成损失重。在全球气候变化和我国经济社会快速发展的背景下,我国面临的自然灾害形势严峻复杂,灾害风险进一步加剧。国家设立“防灾减灾日”,既体现了国家对防灾减灾工作的高度重视,也是落实科学发展观,     

气流速度对地板送风房间颗粒污染物分布的影响

对于地板送风系统,空气从架空地板下直接送入人员呼吸区,送风气流卷吸地板附近颗粒物对室内颗粒污染物浓度有重要影响.为了研究气流速度对颗粒浓度的影响特性,建立了模拟空气流动和颗粒运动轨迹的模型,并且在4种不同气流速度下在一间全尺寸小室内进行试验,测试了不同粒径颗粒浓度的衰减.试验结果表明,随送风气流速度增大,室内较大颗粒浓度衰减比较小颗粒更快;另一方面,计算结果也表明,气流速度对不同尺寸颗粒的分布影响不同,特别是大于3 μm的颗粒随着气流速度增加,其悬浮寿命衰减比1μm以下的颗粒显著得多.计算与试验结果的趋势非常一致.结果对室内颗粒污染物的治理研究有一定意义.     

Sludge concentration dynamic distribution and its impact on the performance of UNITANK

UNITANK is a biological wastewater treatment process that combines the advantages of traditional activated sludge process and sequencing batch reactor, which is divided into Tank A, B and C. In this study, the sludge distribution and its impact on performance of UNITANK were carried out in Liede Wastewater Plant （WWTP） of Guangzhou, China. Results showed that there was a strong affiliation between Tank A and B of the system in sludge concentration distribution. The initial sludge concentration in Tank A could present the sludge distribution of the whole system. The sludge distribution was mainly influenced by hydraulic condition. Unsteady sludge distribution had an impact on variations of substrates in reactors, especially in decisive reactor, and this could lead to failure of system. Settler could partially remove substrates such as COD and NO3-N, but there was adventure of sludge deterioration. The rational initial sludge concentration in Tank A should be 4000-6000 mg/L MLSS.     

Vertical and temporal distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus and relationship with their influencing factors in aquatic-terrestrial ecotone： a case study in Taihu Lake, China

Vertical and temporal distributions of N and P in soil solution in aquatic-terrestrial ecotone （ATE） of Taihu Lake were investigated, and the relations among N, P, ORP （oxidation reduction potential）, TOC, root system biomass and microorganism were studied. As a whole, significant declines in TN, NO3^--N, DON （dissolved organic nitrogen） and TP concentration in soil solution have occurred with increase of the depth, and reached their minima at 60 cm depth, except for NH4^＋-N, which increased with depth. The concentration of TP increased gradually from spring to winter in the topsoil, the maximum 0.08 mg/L presented in the winter while the minimum 0.03 mg/L in spring. In the deeper layer, the concentration value of TP fluctuated little. As for the NO3^--N, its seasonal variation was significant at 20 cm depth, its concentration increased gradually from spring to autumn, and decreased markedly in winter. Vertical and temporal distribution of DON is contrary to that of NO3^--N. The results also show that the variation of N and P in the percolate between adjacent layers is obviously different. The vertical variation ofTN, TP, NO3^--N, NH4^＋-N and DON is significant, of which the variation coefficient of NO3^--N along the depth reaches 100.23%, the highest; while the variation coefficient of DON is 41.14%, the smallest. The results of correlation analysis show that the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus correlate significantly with TOC, ORP, root biomass and counts of nitrifying bacteria. Most nutrients altered much from 20 to 40 cm along the depth. However, DON changed more between 60 and 80 cm. Results show that soil of 0-60 cm depth is active rhizoplane, with strong capability to remove the nitrogen and phosphorus in ATE. It may suggest that there exists the optimum ecological efficiency in the depth of above 60 cm in reed wetland. This will be very significant for ecological restoration and reestablishment.     

Spatial distribution of aerosol pollution based on MODIS data over Beijing, China

With the help of regression analysis,the relationships were detected between aerosol's contribution to apparent reflectance(ACR) derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)on board Terra and hourly PM_(10)mass concentration measured at 30 ground-based locations in Beijing for the August of 2003 and 2004.It was shown that there was a good correlation between the ACR and PM_(10)(linear correlation coefficient,R=0.56).On the basis of this relationship,spatial distribution and possible sources of PM_(10)derived from MODIS were analyzed and two frequently heavily-polluted regions were found,namely downtown of the city and the district near Xishan Mountain.These two regions coincidently are also urban heat island centers.The foundings of this paper will be greatly useful for environmental monitoring and urban planning for Beijing,especially for the 2008 Olympic game to be held in Beijing.     

Distribution characteristics of dissolved organic carbon in annular wetland soil-water solutions through soil profiles in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

Overwhelming evidence reveals that concentrations of dissolved organic carbon （DOC） have increased in streams which brings negative environmental impacts. DOC in stream flow is mainly originated from soil-water solutions of watershed. Wetlands prove to be the most sensitive areas as an important DOC reserve between terrestrial and fluvial biogeosystems. This reported study was focused on the distribution characteristics and the controlling factors of DOC in soil-water solutions of annular wetland, i.e., a dishing wetland and a forest wetland together, in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. The results indicate that DOC concentrations in soilwater solutions decreased and then increased with increasing soil depth in the annular wetland. In the upper soil layers of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm, DOC concentrations in soil-water solutions linearly increased from edge to center of the annular wetland （R^2 = 0.3122 and R^2 = 0.443）. The distribution variations were intimately linked to DOC production and utilization and DOC transport processes in annular wetland soil-water solutions. The concentrations of total organic carbon （TOC）, total carbon （TC） and Fe（II）, DOC mobility and continuous vertical and lateral flow affectext the distribution variations of DOC in soil-water solutions. The correlation coefficients between DOC concentrations and TOC, TC and Fe（II） were 0.974, 0.813 and 0.753 respectively. These distribution characteristics suggested a systematic response of the distribution variations of DOC in annular wetland soil-water solutions to the geometry of closed depressions on a scale of small catchments. However, the DOC in soil pore water of the annular wetland may be the potential source of DOC to stream flow on watershed scale. These observations also implied the fragmentation of wetland landscape could bring the spatial-temporal variations of DOC distribution and exports, which would bring negative environmental impacts in watersheds of the Sanjiang Plain.     

不同时间尺度下福建省地闪频次同大气污染物浓度间的相关性研究

本研究利用2017—2018年福建省9个设区城市的地闪资料和环境监测数据,开展了逐季节与逐月份时间尺度下,福建省地闪频次及同大气污染物浓度[包括:二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)、直径小于等于2.5μm、10μm的颗粒物(PM2.5与PM10)、臭氧(O3)和一氧化碳(CO)]的相关性分析,并筛选出2个人为因素影...