Effect of ferric and bromide ions on the formation and speciation of disinfection byproducts during chlorination

The e ects of ferric ion, pH, and bromide on the formation and distribution of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during chlorination were studied. Two raw water samples from Huangpu River and Yangtze River, two typical drinking water sources of Shanghai, were used for the investigation. Compared with the samples from Huangpu River, the raw water samples from Yangtze River had lower content of total organic carbon (TOC) and ferric ions, but higher bromide concentrations. Under controlled chlorination conditions, four trihalomethanes (THMs), nine haloacetic acids (HAAs), total organic halogen (TOX) and its halogen species fractions, including total organic chlorine (TOCl) and total organic bromide (TOBr), were determined. The results showed that co-existent ferric and bromide ions significantly promoted the formation of total THMs and HAAs for both raw water samples. Higher concentration of bromide ions significantly changed the speciation of the formed THMs and HAAs. There was an obvious shift to brominated species, which might result in a more adverse influence on the safety of drinking water. The results also indicated that high levels of bromide ions in raw water samples produced higher percentages of unknown TOBr.     

紫外消毒系统的应用及其研究进展

介绍了紫外消毒系统的一般结构,综述了消毒反应器的发展及分类,讨论了国内外常用的消毒反应器结构,提出未采设计消毒系统的研究重点.     

浙江省H市供水系统消毒副产物及其健康风险评价

以浙江省H市供水系统为调查对象,采用配有电子捕获器的气相色谱(GC-ECD)检测2座水厂及相应供水管网中18种消毒副产物(DBPs)的含量,深入探讨了DBPs导致的饮用水健康风险及前体物指标与各类DBPs的相关性.结果发现H市饮用水中检出三卤甲烷(THMs)、卤乙酸(HAAs)、卤乙腈(HANs)和三氯硝基甲烷(HNMs)等类消毒副产物,THMs含量最高,HAAs次之.CX水厂出水和供水管网中THMs分别为7. 70～32. 73μg·L~(-1)和9. 00～51. 42μg·L~(-1),HAAs分别为3. 05～21. 30μg·L~(-1)和6. 00～26. 79μg·L~(-1). TH水厂出水和供水管网中THMs分别为8. 65～38. 76μg·L~(-1)和12. 09～42. 04μg·L~(-1),HAAs分别为2. 42～14. 79μg·L~(-1)和2. 80～33. 40μg·L~(-1),2家水厂出厂水和供水管网中消毒副产物浓度均符合《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006).采用溶解性有机碳(DOC)和UV254表征水样有机物,分析有机物与DBPs的相关性,发现管网水中三氯甲烷(TCM)与DOC和UV254呈显著负相关性.基于EPA推荐的健康风险评价模型对经口摄取途径时氯消毒副产物的致癌和非致癌风险进行计算,发现H市出厂水和管网水中消毒副产物引起的致癌风险分别为5. 94×10-6～4. 76×10-5和5. 94×10-6～5. 56×10-5,非致癌风险分别为0. 91×10-2～4. 20×10-2和1. 26×10-2～4. 72×10-2.致癌风险主要来自THMs,一溴二氯甲烷(BDCM)贡献了最高的致癌风险,非致癌风险主要来自TCM.     

现代紫外C消毒技术

由福建新大陆环保科技有限公司开发的现代紫外C消毒技术,适用于水、空气和固体表面需要消毒的领域。主要技术内容一、基本原理利用C波段高效紫外光(253.7nm)的辐射,破坏水和空气中各种病毒和细菌及其它病原体中的DNA结构,使其失去活力或复制能力,达到杀灭病毒、细菌和其它     

我国污水排放余氯限值规定及监测、控制方法研究进展

含氯消毒剂在我国污水处理过程中普遍使用,其在灭活病原微生物的同时会增加出水余氯浓度,对生态环境造成影响. 新冠肺炎疫情防控期间,含氯消毒剂的使用量大幅增加,余氯问题更加凸显. 为对我国水污染物排放标准中余氯限值的制定和修订提出可参考的建议,比较了国内外现有各类水污染物排放标准中的余氯限值,并总结分析余氯监测及控制方法的研究进展. 结果表明:①我国多项水污染物排放标准包含出水中余氯限值规定,如《医疗机构水污染物排放标准》规定采用氯化消毒的医院污水直接排放总余氯浓度应低于0.5 mg/L,北京、上海等地的地方污水综合排放标准规定直接排放的污水总余氯浓度应低于0.5 mg/L,但我国城镇污水处理厂消毒尾水中的余氯至今仍缺乏标准管控. ②我国余氯测定标准中规定的余氯监测方法为N,N-二乙基-1,4-苯二胺(DPD)滴定法和分光光度法,近年来余氯的仪器分析法和传感器法也得到迅速发展. ③余氯控制方法包括以二氧化硫和亚硫酸盐为脱氯剂的化学脱氯法、活性炭脱氯法和还原性金属材料脱氯法等. 因此,建议我国在未来城镇污水处理厂排放标准中考虑纳入余氯限值规定,并关注余氯监测及控制方法的发展与规范制定.      

Influencing factors of disinfection byproducts formation during chloramination of Cyclops metabolite solutions

Effects of reaction time, chlorine dosage, pH and temperature on the formation of disinfection byproducts(DBPs), were investigated during the chloramination of Cyclops metabolite solutions. The results showed that some species of DBPs like trichloromethane(TCM), dichloroacetic acid(DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid(TCAA) could accumulate to their respective stable values with a progressive elevation in reaction time and monochloramine concentration. And 1,1,1-2-trichloropropanone(1,1,1-TCP) content decreased correspondingly with a continuous increase of reaction time. The amounts of chloral hydrate(CH), chloropicrin(TCNM), 1,1,1-TCP and DCAA firstly increased and then decreased with increasing monochloramine doses. Higher temperature resulted in a decrease of CH, dichloroacetonitrile(DCAN), 1,1-dichloropropanone(1,1-DCP), 1,1,1-TCP, DCAA and TCAA concentration. pH affected the formation of the different DBPs distinctly. TCM accumulateded with the increase of pH under 9, and DCAA, TCAA, CH and 1,1-DCP decreased continuously with increasing pH from 5 to 10, and other DBPs had the maximum concentrations at pH 6–7.     

Degradation of dibromophenols by UV irradiation

We examined the degradation of dibromophenols （DBPs）, i.e. 2,4-DBP, 2,6-DBP and 3,5-DBP by ultraviolet （UV） irradiation and estimated the relationship between degradability and molecular orbital properties of each dibromopbenol. The removal of DBPs under a UV lamp system was successfully performed in an aqueous solution. After 5 min of irradiation, the initial DBPs concentration of 20 mg/L was decreased to below 1 mg/L, and about 60% of bromide ion was released. A decrease in the concentration of dissolved organic carbon （DOC） suggested the mineralization of DBPs, The mineralization may occur after release of bromide ions because the decrease of DOC was slower than the release of bromide ions. The degradability of 3,5-DBP was slightly lower than 2,6-DBP and 2,4-DBE Molecular orbital calculation suggested that the electrophilic frontier density and the highest occupied molecular orbital （HOMO） energy may be related to the degradability of DBPs.     

燃放烟花爆竹受伤后的急救方法

春节期间是燃放烟花爆竹最为集中的时候。烟花爆竹的主要成分是火药和可燃性金属粉末,引燃后会产生较大的热量和冲击力,可造成热烧伤和爆震伤。受伤早期,一定要迅速降低损伤处的组织温度,用凉水冲洗或冰块、冻肉冷敷等方法处理,以减轻肿胀,防止损伤加重。冷敷后要进行局部消毒,如有破损,要迅速到就近的正规医院治疗,并注射破伤风、抗菌素等药物。此外,大家还应该掌握一些急救方法。     

紫外线消毒系统中强度分布的理论计算与生物验证对比

应用以MPSS模型为基础的计算软件UV calc对某饮用水紫外线消毒反应器进行强度分布的计算,同时,采用枯草芽孢杆菌(ATCC9372)作为受试菌种进行生物验证.结果显示,在该反应器中理论计算数值总体上明显高于生物验证的数值,反应器中最低紫外剂量区域出现在2支灯管之间的反应器壁附近.另外,理论计算和生物验证的误差与流量、透光率具有相关性.在高流量、低透光率的情况下,理论计算的数值更接近于生物验证数值.相对于理论计算,生物验证是确定紫外线反应器剂量反应曲线的可靠方法.     

微污染原水预臭氧化-强化混凝处理及其安全性

以强化混凝和臭氧氧化技术为核心建立了中试水处理设备,采用有机物表观分子量分级、树脂分级等手段表征了原水有机物及其THMFP特征;通过实验室试验和中试运行对预臭氧和强化混凝技术应用中有机物去除效果、消毒副产物THM的产生和消除进行了研究;研究了臭氧应用中可能形成的相关副产物甲醛、溴酸盐等对饮用水安全性影响的问题.结果表明:预臭氧-强化混凝处理效果较好,采用适当浓度的臭氧(如1.0mg·L-1)进行预氧化,可以有效提高有机物去除率,从常规混凝滤后水的33.7%提高到48%,有机物浓度降到1.385mg·L-1;THMFP总体去除效果从常规处理的131μg·L-1降至53μg·L-1;未出现甲醛、溴酸盐超标的问题,对余铝没有显著影响,安全性较高;但是,AOC含量比常规混凝和强化常规混凝升高,可能增进微生物的繁殖和对管网等的腐蚀,需要进一步控制.