酸性矿山废水的治理技术现状及进展

酸性矿山废水(AMD)是矿山废水中危害最严重的一类废水,其产生原因和治理技术引起了广泛的重视。介绍了酸性矿山废水的主要产生原因,综述了国内外治理酸性矿山废水技术的研究现状,包括化学法、物理法、生物法、湿地法等,讨论了相关技术存在的问题,并总结了酸性矿山废水技术的新进展和发展趋势。     

活性炭吸附法处理冶金废水的工程设计模型

以博哈特(Bohart)和亚当斯(Adams)方程为推导依据,结合连续进水活性炭模型实验,证明了活性炭吸附法处理冶金废水的可行性,且得出了活性炭吸附高度、工作周期、污染物去除率等重要设计参数之间的关系,为活性炭的工程设计提出了一套有效的参考计算方法和设计程序。     

Enhanced photocatalytic activity of quantum-dot-sensitized one-dimensionally-ordered ZnO nanorod photocatalyst

An efficient photocatalyst was fabricated by assembling quantum dots （QDs） onto one-dimensionally-ordered ZnO nanorods, and the photocatalytic properties for Methyl Orange degradation were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy and photoluminescence. The results indicate that the catalyst with assembled QDs is more favorable for the degradation than the pristine ZnO nanorods. The QDs with core-shell structure lower the photocatalytic ability due to the higher carder transport barrier of the ZnS shell layer. Besides its degradation efficiency, the photocatalyst has several advantages given that the one-dimensionally-ordered ZnO nanorods have been grown directly on indium tin oxide substrates. The article provides a new method to design an effective and easily recyclable photocatalyst.     

Electrochemical and spectroscopic characteristics of dissolved organic matter in a forest soil profile

Dissolved organic matter （DOM） represents one of the most mobile and reactive organic compounds in ecosystem and plays an important role in the fate and transport of soil organic pollutants, nutrient cycling and more importantly global climate change. Electrochemical methods were first employed to evaluate DOM redox properties, and spectroscopic approaches were utilized to obtain information concerning its composition and structure. DOM was extracted from a forest soil profile with five horizons. Differential pulse voltammetry indicated that there were more redox-active moieties in the DOM from upper horizons than in that from lower horizons. Cyclic voltammetry further showed that these moieties were reversible in electron transfer. Chronoamperometry was employed to quantify the electron transfer capacity of DOM, including electron acceptor capacity and electron donor capacity, both of which decreased sharply with increasing depth. FT-IR, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectra results suggested that DOM from the upper horizons was enriched with aromatic and humic structures while that from the lower horizons was rich in aliphatic carbon, which supported the findings obtained by electrochemical approaches. Electrochemical approaches combined with spectroscopic methods were applied to evaluate the characteristics of DOM extracted along a forest soil profile. The electrochemical properties of DOM, which can be rapidly and simply obtained, provide insight into the migration and transformation of DOM along a soil profile and will aid in better understanding of the biogeochemical role of DOM in natural environments.     

基于阳离子树脂的Fenton非均相催化剂制备及性能测试

采用阳离子交换树脂颗粒为催化剂载体采用浸渍法负载二价铁离子,制备出非均相Fenton反应催化剂,并用该非均相Fenton催化剂氧化脱色亚甲基蓝溶液,考察其催化性能。实验结果表明:制备催化剂时最佳FeSO4浓度为16.67 mmol/L,pH=3.0,H2O2初始浓度为46.6 mmol/L,反应时间为30 min的条件下,亚甲基蓝溶液初始浓度为0.028 mmol/L时,亚甲基蓝溶液在非均相Fenton催化氧化过程中,其脱色率可达92.9%。采用序批形式反应使用5次后,该非均相催化剂仍有良好的催化效果,反应30 min后亚甲基蓝溶液脱色率仍可达85.2%,拓宽了Fenton技术的使用范围。     

全球气候谈判的理想与现实

2012年11月26日到12月7日,第十八次"联合国气候变化框架公约缔约方大会"在卡塔尔的多哈召开。今年的会址有些特别,卡塔尔是石油天然气的主产国,而气候谈判争论的焦点又是如何减少因化石燃料导致的二氧化碳排放;同时,多哈是WTO谈判的会场,而"多哈回合"历时11年迟滞受挫,致使贸易投资领域的多边框架受到质疑。如此,"多哈气候回合"     

γ-Fe_2O_3/膨胀石墨复合材料吸附废水中六价铬的应用研究

介绍了采用溶胶凝胶法合成新型的复合材料-磁性的γ-Fe_2O_3膨胀石墨(MEG)复合材料。通过采用X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)以及X-光电子能谱仪(XPS)对该复合材料MEG进行了表征,结果表明MEG中γ一Fe_2O_3的粒径约为50nm,而且其中γ一Fe_2O_3和膨胀石墨通过C=O相互作用。复合材料MEG作为新型的六价铬吸附剂,通过吸附时间、初始溶液的pH值以及再生性对该吸附过程进行了考察。结果表明:在40 min内MEG吸附六价铬的过程基本达到平衡;在初始溶液的pH为3.5时,MEG对六价铬的最大吸附量可以达到16.4mg/g;而且该复合材料MEG重复使用3次后吸附效果基本没有下降。因此,复合材料MEG对于废水中六价铬的处理有选择性吸附作用,而且初始溶液的pH值对其吸附过程起着重要作用。     

小型餐饮点餐厨垃圾调查及资源化难点分析——以贵阳市为例

我国餐厨垃圾资源化体系建设中往往忽略小型餐饮点,但小型餐饮点数量多、客流量高,是餐厨垃圾重要产生源,因此有必要对小型餐饮点进行单独分析。2010年贵阳市被列为国家33个餐厨垃圾处理试点城市之一,文章选取贵阳市云岩区、南明区的小型餐饮点,从餐厨垃圾的处置现状和小型餐饮点经营者的社会意识两方面开展问卷调查。对调查结果进行汇总、分析,识别出贵阳市餐厨垃圾资源化体系建设的5个难点:(1)餐厨垃圾多流入养殖场,群众对此危害认识不足。(2)缺乏污染者付费意识,难以制定有偿回收价。(3)餐厨垃圾分类不合理,厨余垃圾未得到充分利用。(4)餐厨垃圾转运不规范,无完善的收运机构。(5)法律法规不完善,缺乏有效的管理系统。     

基于LandsatTM数据的济宁市水体识别方法研究

文章基于济宁市2009年LANDSAT TM影像,根据影像各波段间的相关性和地物在各影像上的灰度差异,分别采用单波段阈值法、多波段谱间关系法、改进的水体指数法(MNDWI)及HIS空间水体提取模型法对济宁市水体信息进行识别提取。在此基础上,结合归一化指数法和HIS空间水体提取模型,提出了一种综合性的水体信息提取方法,并对各方法提取结果进行了精度评价。结果表明,已有方法对济宁市水体识别存在一定的缺陷,而综合法集成了归一化指数法和HIS空间水体模型的优点,很好地弥补了已有方法的不足,对济宁市水体信息进行了较好的提取,尤其是细小水体,同时也很好地消除了建筑物、阴影、水生植被等的影响,提高了济宁市水体信息识别的精度,为更好地定量评价济宁市地表水体时空演变规律等提供帮助。     

渭南市大气环境容量计算及控制对策研究

以修正A值法估算渭南市大气环境容量,为渭南市大气总量控制提供科学依据。以箱模型为基本模型,利用陕西省气象台整编的1961-2008年气象资料,推导出宏观总量控制修正A值法,除韩城市、潼关县、浦城县、白水县和富平县A值大于国标A值,其余渭南各市县A值小于国标A值。在新空气质量标准标准的要求下,渭南市SO2、NOx、PM10环境容量分别为19.55×104t/a、10.50×104t/a和18.97×104t/a。为了保证各分区的环境质量,中架点源排放量与低源排放量之和应小于各分区容量,韩城市应注意改善中、低源NO x排放,其它区县NO x剩余容量有限,在严格的新空气质量标准的要求下,应加强对各区县中架点源与低架源的NO x控制,重点控制水泥行业、炼焦业和机动车的NO x排放。从整个城市考虑,从整个渭南市污染源排放来看,SO2总体排放量超过环境容量12.917×104t/a,NO x总体排放量超过环境容量8.016×104t/a,为了减少其对周边城市的影响,应提高火电厂脱硫效率,重点加快电厂脱硝设施建设。