热解焚烧技术处置医疗废物的影响因素与工况控制研究

针对热解焚烧技术处置医疗废物的特点,分析处置工艺运行参数对稳定工况的影响规律,确定医疗废物在热解焚烧技术炉内稳定焚烧的工艺参数,指出送风量与气化炉、燃烧炉的温度关系是焚烧系统控制的关键。通过对某型焚烧炉的测试,得到了送风量与气化炉和燃烧炉的温度关系曲线。测试结果表明,实时动态调控气化炉和燃烧炉的送风量,能够实现医疗废物的稳定焚烧。     

外来生物入侵关键点控制管理体系——基于风险管理的研究

将风险管理理论与外来生物入侵风险分析相结合，借鉴食品质量控制中的关键点控制原理，提出了防止外来生物入侵风险的关键点控制方法。针对人类有意引种、随人类活动无意引入以及自然传入3类外来生物入侵的传入途径，在入侵途径上确定若干个风险控制关键点，有针对性地提出了相应的控制措施，以减小外来生物的入侵风险，提高我国在防止外来生物入侵方面的管理与控制效率。     

调度自动化系统实时信息分层分流构建

火灾作用下混凝土构件的承载能力总体不断下降且具有明显随机性,采用抗火可靠指标可较好地评估构件的火灾安全性。本文针对混凝土轴压柱的高温承载能力极限状态,考虑材料强度变异性导致的柱高温极限承栽力的随机性,以及高温下柱荷栽效应组合的随机性,采用JC法计算给出了ISO834标准升温曲线作用下不同受火时间对应的柱抗火可靠指标,讨论了主要参数对该可靠指标的影响规律;并根据我国现行建筑防火规范,通过分析和参照对比,初步提出了混凝土轴压柱抗火可靠指标的目标建议值。研究认为:(1)截面尺寸越小,柱抗火可靠指标随受火时间增加而下降的速率越快;(2)现行规范给出的截面(200×200)mm、(240×240)mm、(300×300)mm 3种柱在各自耐火极限时刻的抗火可靠指标较为接近,但截面(370×370)mm柱的抗火可靠指标却明显偏低;(3)混凝土轴压柱的目标抗火可靠指标建议取为1.6。     

含钒石煤烧渣的稳定化试验研究

研究了含钒石煤烧渣稳定化处理的一种有效方法。利用石灰为稳定剂与烧渣相混合进行稳定化处理,渣中的水溶态钒转化为钒酸钙沉淀而降低毒性。浸出试验表明,水中钒浓度〈5mg／h,并且具有长期的稳定性,无二次污染。     

基于风险梯度的化工企业事故风险定量评估

为了定量分析区域内重大危险源所构成的风险,为事故风险防控提供科学依据,基于风险场理论对某区域内2家化工企业进行风险分析,得出2家企业所对应的风险值计算公式,并生成2家企业所对应的风险等值面和风险等值线;引入最速下降法,利用负梯度搜寻风险的最快下降方向,得出事故的最优风险降低路径。研究结果表明:甲企业中接近1/2的区域为Ⅲ级风险区域,其余区域为Ⅱ级风险区域,乙企业中大部分区域为Ⅱ级风险区域,仅少部分区域属于Ⅲ级风险区域。相较而言,乙企业中5条最优风险降低路径里程更短,人员分配情况更为合理,更具安全优势;甲企业事故风险更大,更需要完善相关安全措施以免发生事故。     

国家环境保护恶臭污染控制重点实验室介绍

国家环境保护恶臭污染控制重点实验室以天津市环境保护科学研究院为依托单位,于2002年9月正式授牌成立,是国家环保部首批3个重点实验室之一,是目前我国唯一从事恶臭污染研究的专业实验室。实验室主任包景岭,教授级高级工程师,博士生导师,国务院特贴专家,现任全国人大代表,天津市政府参事,天津市环保局总工程师,农工民主党中央委员、天津市委会副主委,中国环境学会大气分会常务理事,天津市规划委规划设计委员会委员,天津市环境影响评价技术委员会主任,天津城市科学研究会常务理事。     

崇明东滩湿地围垦区芦苇生物量影响因素初探

在对崇明东滩湿地围垦区土壤和芦苇生长状况进行调查的基础上,探讨了受潜水位波动影响的土壤环境因子对芦苇群落生长的影响.结果表明:(1)由于潜水位波动的幅度和时间不同,样地间土壤含水量存在显著差异(P1,2=0.004,P1,3=0.001,P2,3=0.040),进而导致受土壤含水量影响较大的芦苇株高和单株叶面积不同,土壤含水量高的样地,其芦苇株高和单株叶面积也达到最高值;(2)土壤全氮含量对芦苇密度、地上生物量和地下生物量有明显影响.     

土著致病菌及其胞外物在生物防治斑马贝中的作用

无脊椎动物斑马贝(Dreissena polymorpha) 的生物污损造成了巨大的经济损失,而应用从斑马贝体内分离出的土著菌株及其体外代谢产物对它进行生物防治是一种经济效益显著且对环境友好的方法.本文主要报导从斑马贝体内分离的土著菌株中筛选出致病菌并研究该细菌及其代谢产物对它的控制作用.在三十多种土著菌株中,中间气单胞菌( Aeromonas media),维罗纳气单胞菌(A. veronii),杀鲑气单胞菌杀鲑亚种(A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida)和腐败希瓦氏菌(Shewanella putrefaciens)是幼体斑马贝的致命致病菌.当接种量为每只斑马贝107 个细菌时,接种中间气单胞菌、杀鲑气单胞菌杀鲑亚种和腐败希瓦氏菌的5 d 死亡率为100%,而维罗纳气单胞菌为65%.通过扫描电镜(SEM)发现,垂死的斑马贝肌肉组织被破坏并含有大量的细菌.4种细菌代谢产物的不同组分表现出对斑马贝不同的致死效果,在所研究的3种不同Mr组分中(Mr<5×103,5×103～10×103及>10×103),>10 ×103组分具有最高致死率.这些结果为控制贝类无脊椎动物的生物污损提供了新方法. 图4 参24     

A review of atmospheric mercury emissions,pollution and control in China

Mercury, as a global pollutant, has significant impacts on the environment and human health. The current state of atmospheric mercury emissions, pollution and control in China is comprehensively reviewed in this paper. With about 500-800 t of anthropogenic mercury emissions, China contributes 25%-40% to the global mercury emissions. The dominant mercury emission sources in China are coal combustion, non-ferrous metal smelting, cement production and iron and steel production. The mercury emissions from natural sources in China are equivalent to the anthropogenic mercury emissions. The atmospheric mercury concentration in China is about 2-10 times the background level of North Hemisphere. The mercury deposition fluxes in remote areas in China are usually in the range of 10-50μg·m^-2·yr^-1. To reduce mercury emissions, legislations have been enacted for power plants, non-ferrous metal smelters and waste incinerators. Currently mercury contented in the flue gas is mainly removed through existing air pollution control devices for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particles. Dedicated mercury control technologies are required in the future to further mitigate the mercury emissions in China.     

A red water occurrence in drinking water distribution systems caused by changes in water source in Beijing,China: mechanism analysis and control measures

A red water phenomenon occurred in several communities few days after the change of water source in Beijing, China in 2008. In this study, the origin of this problem, the mechanism of iron release and various control measures were investigated. The results indicated that a significant increase in sulphate concentration as a result of the new water source was the cause of the red water phenomenon. The mechanism of iron release was found that the high-concentration sulphate in the new water source disrupted the stable shell of scale on the inner pipe and led to the release of iron compounds. Experiments showed that the iron release rate in the new source water within pipe section was over 11-fold higher than that occurring within the local source water. The recovery of tap water quality lasted several months despite ameliora- tive measures being implemented, including adding phosphate, reducing the overall proportion of the new water source, elevating the pH and alkalinity, and utilizing free chlorine as a disinfectant instead of chloramine. Adding phosphate was more effective and more practical than the other measures. The iron release rate was decreased after the addition of 1.5 mg. L-1 orthophosphate- P, tripolyphosphate-P and hexametaphosphate-P by 68%, 83% and 87%, respectively. Elevating the pH and alkalinity also reduced the iron release rate by 50%. However, the iron release rate did not decreased after replacing chloramine by 0.5-0.8 mg. L-1 of free chlorine as disinfectant.