改性小麦秸秆的制备及其对水中亚甲基蓝的吸附性能

用碳酸钾(K2CO3)溶液活化法成功地制备改性小麦秸秆。采用傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和静态吸附试验对改性前后样品的组成、形貌和吸附性能进行表征和测定,对比了秸秆改性前后的结构和组成变化。结果表明:改性后小麦秸秆半纤维素被部分溶解,出现了多孔疏松的结构。改性小麦秸秆用量、溶液p H和亚甲基蓝的浓度在一定范围内增大有助于改性小麦秸秆对亚甲基蓝吸附速率的提高,吸附类型符合Langmuir吸附等温方程模型且属于拟二级动力学吸附过程。     

Effects of metal and acidic sites on the reaction by-products of butyl acetate oxidation over palladium-based catalysts

Catalytic oxidation is widely used in pollution control technology to remove volatile organic compounds. In this study, Pd/ZSM-5 catalysts with different Pd contents and acidic sites were prepared via the impregnation method. All the catalysts were characterized by means of N2 adsorption- desorption, X-ray fluorescence （XRF）, HE temperature programmed reduction （H2-TPR）, and NH3 temperature programmed desorption （NH3-TPD）. Their catalytic performance was investigated in the oxidation of butyl acetate experiments. The by-products of the reaction were collected in thermal desorption tubes and identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. It was found that the increase of Pd content slightly changed the catalytic activity of butyl acetate oxidation according to the yield of CO2 achieved at 90%, but decreased the cracking by-products, whereas the enhancement of strong acidity over Pd-based catalysts enriched the by-product species. The butyl acetate oxidation process involves a series of reaction steps including protolysis, dehydrogenation, dehydration, cracking, and isomerization. Generally, butyl acetate was cracked to acetic acid and 2- methylpropene and the latter was an intermediate of the other by-products, and the oxidation routes of typical by-products were proposed. Trace amounts of 3-methylpentane, hexane, 2-methylpentane, pentane, and 2-methylbutane originated from iso4merization and protolysis reactions.     

Phosphatase activity and culture conditions of the yeast Candida mycoderma sp. and analysis of organic phosphorus hydrolysis ability

Orthophosphate is an essential but limiting macronutrient for plant growth. About 67% cropland in China lacks sufficient phosphorus, especially that with red soil. Extensive soil phosphorus reserves exist in the form of organic phosphorus, which is unavailable for root uptake unless hydrolyzed by secretory acid phosphatases. Thus, many microorganisms with the ability to produce phosphatase have been exploited. In this work, the activity of an extracellular acid phosphatase and yeast biomass from Candida mycoderma was measured under different culture conditions, such as pH, temperature, and carbon source. A maximal phosphatase activity of 8.47 × 10^5±0.11× 10^5 U/g was achieved by C. Mycoderma in 36 hr under the optimal conditions. The extracellular acid phosphatase has high activity over a wide pH tolerance range from 2.5 to S.0 （optimum pH 3.5）. The effects of different phosphorus compounds on the acid phosphatase production were also studied. The presence of phytin, lecithin or calcium phosphate reduced the phosphatase activity and biomass yield significantly. In addition, the pH of the culture medium was reduced significantly by lecithin. The efficiency of the strain in releasing orthophosphate from organic phosphorus was studied in red soil （used in planting trees） and rice soil （originating as red soil）. The available phosphorus content was increased by 230% after inoculating 20 days in rice soil and decreased by 50% after inoculating 10 days in red soil. This work indicates that the yeast strain C. mycoderma has potential application for enhancing phosphorus utilization in plants that grow in rice soil.     

Dyes adsorption using a synthetic carboxymethyl cellulose-acrylic acid adsorbent

Removal of noxious dyes is gaining public and technological attention. Herein grafting polymerization was employed to produce a novel adsorbent using acrylic acid and carboxymethyl cellulose for dye removal. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy verified the adsorbent formed under optimized reaction conditions. The removal ratio of adsorbent to Methyl Orange, Disperse Blue 2BLN and malachite green chloride reached to 84.2%, 79.6% and 99.9%, respectively. The greater agreement between the calculated and experimental results suggested that pseudo second-order kinetic model better represents the kinetic adsorption data. Equilibrium adsorptions of dyes were better explained by the Temkin isotherm. The results implied that this new cellulose-based absorbent had the universaiity for removal of dyes through the chemical adsorption mechanism.     

酸性污染物监测浓度降低时酸雨频率增加机理:以阳泉市区为例

通过对比2006-2010年酸雨监测数据和环境空气例行监测数据得出:对于阳泉市区环境空气中SO2、NO2等酸性污染物浓度的变化,酸雨监测间接反映的逐年上升与同期例行环境空气质量监测所反映的逐年明显降低出现矛盾。通过讨论封闭型地貌、静风逆温型气候和资源型城市城矿郊混合结构等因素复合形成的不利大气污染物扩散场,分析高、中、低架点源和特殊污染源煤矸石山和山城机动车酸性污染物源强或排放量变化与空气质量和酸雨监测数据变化的相关性,得出矛盾机理为:2种监测所反映的空气SO2、NOx浓度属于不同高度层面的污染物。最后经相关性分析提出了主要与酸性污染物低空集聚相关的、由特殊地貌、气候、污染源复合形成酸雨的机制及与矸石山、机动车污染物低空排放量逐年增加相关的酸雨频率逐年增加机制。该研究对山区河谷资源型中小城市具有借鉴作用。     

三氯生对土壤酶活性的影响

为了明确三氯生对土壤生态环境的安全性,以3种土壤酶为指标,采用室内培养试验,研究了不同浓度的三氯生对土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性的影响。研究结果表明,不同浓度水平的三氯生对3种土壤酶活性的影响效果不同。低浓度(≤50 mg/kg)三氯生作用下,脲酶活性先降低后增加,最后恢复到对照水平,高浓度(100 mg/kg)三氯生胁迫下脲酶活性先降低后恢复最后又被抑制。而对酸性磷酸酶活性来说,三氯生在低浓度时(≤50 mg/kg)先刺激后抑制酶活性,最后磷酸酶活性恢复到对照水平,高浓度下(100 mg/kg)三氯生先抑制后刺激再抑制磷酸酶活性,最后磷酸酶活性恢复到对照水平。各浓度水平的三氯生在培养的初期(21 d)对土壤过氧化氢酶活性没有影响,随着培养时间延长(≥28 d),低浓度(≤50 mg/kg)三氯生刺激了酶活性,高浓度(100 mg/kg)的三氯生抑制了过氧化氢酶活性。总体来说,高浓度的三氯生对土壤环境存在不利影响。     

催化臭氧氧化降解水溶液中亚甲基蓝的动力学研究

以废啤酒酵母为原材料、采用吸附-活化法制备得到负载过渡金属铁的活性炭(Fe/AC),对Fe/AC吸附亚甲基蓝(MB)性能和催化臭氧氧化MB效果进行了评价。Fe/AC对MB的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附模型;20℃,pH=7的条件下,Fe/AC对MB的最大吸附量达到107.43 mg/g。吸附MB达到平衡的Fe/AC催化臭氧氧化降解水中MB,30 min内MB的转化率达到99%以上,5 h后总有机碳(TOC)的降解率达到70%。结合Fe/AC吸附MB特性和催化臭氧氧化MB行为,将Langmuir等温吸附模型分别与近似一级和二级反应动力学模型进行耦合,构建了Langmuir-Kinetic近似一级和近似二级耦合模型,均能较好地拟合MB转化率的动力学数据,但对体系的TOC去除率动力学数据的拟合度较低。     

造纸干粉和糠醛渣对盐碱地小麦生长的影响

文章通过在江苏省东台市黄海原种场布置田间试验,研究施用造纸干粉和糠醛渣对滨海盐碱地土壤的调理改良作用及对小麦生长的影响。与对照相比,施加造纸干粉和糠醛渣处理土壤pH均显著降低(P<0.05),而土壤全N含量也显著提高(P<0.05),其中施加造纸干粉处理土壤全K含量显著提高(P<0.05),而施加糠醛渣处理土壤全P含量显著提高(P<0.05)。施加造纸干粉处理小麦地上部和地下部生物量分别提高了49%和93%,平均产量由117 g/m2提高到158 g/m2;而施加糠醛渣处理小麦地上部和地下部生物量则分别显著提高了169%和176%(P<0.05),平均产量亦显著提高至361 g/m2(P<0.05)。此外,对照处理小麦籽粒过高的全P含量(5.5 g/kg)与过低的全K含量(3.2 g/kg)在施加造纸干粉和糠醛渣后均得到显著改善(P<0.05)。结果表明,施加造纸干粉和糠醛渣均可缓解盐碱胁迫对小麦生长及籽粒品质的影响,其中糠醛渣的调理效果优于造纸干粉。     

颗粒活性炭改性同步去除水中铅、铬的研究

为提高颗粒活性炭同步去除水中铅、铬污染物的能力,分别使用氧化铁、氧化锰、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HTMAB)和氯化十六烷基吡啶(CPC)制作改性活性炭(Fe Cl3-AC,Mn O2-AC,HTMAB-AC,CPC-AC)。通过测定4种改性活性炭表面的等电点p H、酸碱官能团和扫描电子显微镜图像,研究4种改性活性炭吸附效果优异并分析其中原因。结果表明:Fe Cl3-AC同步去除铅、铬效果最佳,HTMAB-AC、CPC-AC与原炭效果持平,Mn O2-AC效果还不及原炭。从等电点p H来看,Fe Cl3-AC拥有较低的等电点p H,有利于静电吸附铬酸根阴离子团;从酸性基团数目来看,Fe Cl3-AC表面拥有较多酸性官能团,有利于离子交换作用,保证了对铅离子较高的吸附效率;从SEM来看,Fe Cl3-AC上Fe Cl3负载均匀,有效改善了活性炭表面特性,有利于吸附。     

高温自蔓延还原解毒固化铬渣技术研究

采用高温自蔓延技术处置铬渣,探讨了高温自蔓延技术还原解毒固化铬渣的机制。以铝粉和三氧化二铁作铝热剂,与铬渣充分混合,用镁条点燃引发自蔓延反应,最终得到铬渣固化体。实验结果表明:高温自蔓延技术能有效固化铬渣,铬渣的掺渣率高达44.94%。浸出实验结果表明:A组(铬渣原样)铬渣固化体总铬浸出浓度未检出;B组(铬渣原样+重铬酸钾)铬渣固化体总铬浸出浓度为0.117 76 mg/L,远远低于国标(GB 5085.3-2007)限值15 mg/L,六价铬浸出浓度未检出。XRD分析表明:铬渣还原解毒固化机制主要是六价铬在自蔓延反应中被还原为三价铬,再与其他金属化合物在高温熔融状态下生成含铬尖晶石,铬以离子键Cr—O的形式参与尖晶石的晶格形成。