Combined toxicity of copper and cadmium to six rice genotypes （Oryza sativa L.）

Accumulation of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) in six rice cultivars (94D-22, 94D-54, 94D-64, Gui630, YY-1 and KY1360) was evaluated through exposure to heavy metal contamination (100 mg/kg Cu, 1.0 mg/kg Cd, and 100 mg/kg Cu + 1.0 mg/kg Cd) in a greenhouse. The dry weight of shoot and root, concentrations of Cu and Cd in plant tissues and the Cu, Cd, P, Fe concentrations in the root surface iron plaques were analyzed eight weeks later after treatment. The results indicated that the plant biomass was mainly determined by rice genotypes, not Cu and Cd content in soil. Separated treatment with Cu/Cd increased each metal level in shoot, root and iron plaques. Soil Cu enhanced Cd accumulation in tissues. In contrast, Cu concentrations in shoot and root was unaffected by soil Cd. Compared to single metal contamination, combined treatment increased Cd content by 110.6%, 77.0% and 45.2% in shoot, and by 112.7%, 51.2% and 18.4% in root for Gui630, YY-1 and KY1360, respectively. The content level of Cu or Cd in root surface iron plaques was not affected by their soil content. Cu promoted Fe accumulation in iron plaques, while Cd has no effect on P and Fe accumulation in it. The translocation of Cu and Cd from iron plaques to root and shoot was also discussed. These results might be beneficial in selecting cultivars with low heavy metal accumulation and designing strategies for soil bioremediation.     

加州拟严格饮水标准

美国时间8月20日,加州在饮用水标准制定上迈出了第一步：针对六价铬在饮用水中的含量做出了严格规定,该标准将使得加州各城市和水供应区域不得不进行高成本的水处理。这是美国首个对饮用水中六价铬含量标准做出的规定。从环境健康危害评估办公室公布的信息看,六价铬的标准将被作为加州全州的目标来使用。     

光照与磷对铜绿微囊藻生长的交互作用

采用单种分批培养的方法研究了光照与磷对铜绿微囊藻比生长速率、细胞叶绿素a和P含量的交互作用。通过光照强度和培养基P浓度的双因素试验设计,设置了4种培养基P浓度,每种P浓度下又设置了6种光照强度。结果显示:铜绿微囊藻生长的饱和光照强度为40～100μmol(/m·2s),培养基P浓度对其生长速率的影响符合Monod方程;随着光照增强,细胞叶绿素a含量呈下降趋势;提高P浓度,细胞叶绿素a含量会升高,但在较低P浓度下,铜绿微囊藻也能维持一定的细胞叶绿素a含量;细胞P含量的变化趋势与比生长速率的变化趋势相似。因此,光照和P浓度对铜绿微囊藻的生长、细胞叶绿素a和P含量均存在交互作用,且微囊藻生长变化与另外两种特征变化存在一定的关联。     

Combined alkaline and ultrasonic pretreatment of sludge before aerobic digestion

Alkaline and ultrasonic sludge disintegration can both be used as pretreatments of waste activated sludge (WAS) for improving the subsequent anaerobic or aerobic digestion. The pretreatment has been carried out using different combination of these two methods in this study. The effect was evaluated based on the quantity of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) in the pretreated sludge as well as the degradation of organic matter in the following aerobic digestion. For WAS samples with combined pretreatment, the released COD was in high level than those with ultrasonic or alkaline treatment. When combined with the same ultrasonic treatment, NaOH treatment resulted in more solubilization of WAS than Ca(OH)2. For combined NaOH and ultrasonic treatments with different sequences, the released COD were in the order: simultaneous treatment > ultrasonic treatment following NaOH treatment > NaOH treatment following ultrasonic treatment. For simultaneous treatment, low NaOH dosage (100 g/kg dry solid), short duration (30 min) of NaOH treatment, and low ultrasonic specific energy (7 500 kJ/kg dry solid) were beneficial for sludge disintegration. Using combined NaOH and ultrasonic pretreatment with the optimium parameters, the degradation efficiency of organic matter was increased from 38.0% to 50.7%, which is much higher than with ultrasonic (42.5%) or with NaOH pretreatment (43.5%) in the subsequent aerobic digestion at the same retention time.     

Optimization of gasoline hydrocarbon compositions for reducing exhaust emissions

Effects of hydrocarbon compositions on raw exhaust emissions and combustion processes were studied on an engine test bench. The optimization of gasoline hydrocarbon composition was discussed. As olefins content increased from 10.0% to 25.0% in volume, the combustion duration was shortened by about 2 degree crank angle ( CA), and the engine-out THC emission was reduced by about 15%. On the other hand, as aromatics content changed from 35.0% to 45.0%, the engine-out NOx emissions increased by 4%. An increment in olefins content resulted in a slight increase in engine-out CO emission, while the aromatics content had little e ect on engine-out total hydrocarbon (THC) and CO emissions. Over the new European driving cycle (NEDC), the THC, NOx and CO emissions of fuel with 25.0% olefins and 35.0% aromatics were about 45%, 21% and 19% lower than those of fuel with 10.0% olefins and 40.0% aromatics, respectively. The optimized gasoline compositions for new engines and new vehicles have low aromatics and high olefins contents.     

大米中的砷会抑制微量元素的吸收

<正>研究发现:谷类植物摄取了砷元素后会抑制本身微量元素(例如,硒)的含量水平.而硒对人体来说是一种非常重要的微量元素,因为硒能帮助人体去除有害金属砷.这个发现对以大米为主食的亚洲人来说无疑是一个坏消息.     

Heavy metal （Pb,Zn） uptake and chemical changes in rhizosphere soils of four wetland plants with different radial oxygen loss

Lead and Zn uptake and chemical changes in rhizosphere soils of four emergent-rooted wetland plants; Aneilema bracteatum, Cyperus alternifolius, Ludwigia hyssopifolia and Veronica serpyllifolia were investigated by two experiments: (1) rhizobag filled with “clean” or metal-contaminated soil for analysis of Pb and Zn in plants and rhizosphere soils; and (2) applied deoxygenated solution for analyzing their rates of radial oxygen loss (ROL). The results showed that the wetland plants with di erent ROL rates had significant e ects on the mobility and chemical forms of Pb and Zn in rhizosphere under flooded conditions. These e ects were varied with di erent metal elements and metal concentrations in the soils. Lead mobility in rhizosphere of the four plants both in the “clean” and contaminated soils was decreased, while Zn mobility was increased in the rhizosphere of the “clean” soil, but decreased in the contaminated soil. Among the four plants, V. serpyllifolia, with the highest ROL, formed the highest degree of Fe plaque on the root surface, immobilized more Zn in Fe plaque, and has the highest e ects on the changes of Zn form (EXC-Zn) in rhizosphere under both “clean” and contaminated soil conditions. These results suggested that ROL of wetland plants could play an important role in Fe plaque formation and mobility and chemical changes of metals in rhizosphere soil under flood conditions.     

Effects of silica nanoparticles on growth and photosynthetic pigment contents of Scenedesmus obliquus

To assess the aquatic ecosystem safety for silica (SiO2) nanoparticles (NPs), the growth inhibition and photosynthetic pigment contents of Scenedesmus obliquus in logarithm growth phase exposed to SiO2 NPs and SiO2 bulk particles (BPs) suspensions were measured. SiO2 NPs with 10-20 nm diameters were found to be toxic. The 20% effective concentration (EC20) values for 72 and 96 hr were 388.1 and 216.5 mg/L, respectively. The contents of chlorophyll decreased significantly under moderate and high concentratio...     

福州市大气汞含量及变化特征分析

在福州市采集了10个点位共356件大气样品,测试结果表明,福州市大气汞含量35.82～586.11 ng/m3,各点平均值89.86～168.24 ng/m3,总平均111.9 ng/m3,大气汞含量空间变化特征表明高含量点与地热活动带在空间上相吻合.     

烧失量法测定土壤有机质含量的实验条件探究

烧失量法是测定有机质含量的可靠手段,以其方便、快捷、经济等优点被广泛应用于土壤学、地质学、湖泊学等研究中。但由于对煅烧过程的研究较少,煅烧条件的选择不统一,使得不同实验条件下测定结果的可比性较差。本研究使用带烧失称重系统的马弗炉,对中国北方有机质含量不同的三种类型土壤进行了烧失量测定实验,通过观察土壤重量随温度和时间变化的连续失重过程,对煅烧温度、煅烧恒温时长、样品量及升温速率等实验条件进行了系统研究,确立了烧失量法适宜的实验条件组合。实验结果表明:升温速率宜选择3℃/min;样品量建议选用3~5 g,有机物含量低的样品可适量增加;不同类型土壤的适宜煅烧温度略有差别,黑土和栗钙土建议选用550℃,而黑垆土选用500℃或550℃;恒温2h可获得较为稳定的烧失量结果。