综合防控重金属污染 保障群众生命安全——2009年典型重金属污染事件解析

2009年我国发生了陕西凤翔、湖南武冈、云南东川等多起重金属、类金属污染事件,并多次成为群体事件的导火索,"重金属污染"已然成为社会的热点问题,引起中央的高度关注,为保障群众生命健康安全,解决重金属污染问题也已被列为环保部2010年污染防治工作的头等大事。本期业务探讨栏目以重金属为主题,约请相关作者解析了2009年典型重金属污染事件,讲解了准确测定重金属含量的方法,并全面介绍了重金属的相关知识背景,以期让广大读者对重金属污染及防治有一个较为系统、全面的了解。     

冷冻取芯过程煤样温度变化特性研究

为探究冷冻取芯过程煤样温度变化特性,基于模拟试验的相似性,自主设计冷冻取芯模拟测试试验装置,选取榆家梁矿、首山一矿、六龙煤矿、九里山矿4个矿区不同变质程度煤样,用以测定瓦斯吸附平衡压力为0、1.0、2.0、3.0 MPa下冷冻取芯过程煤样的温度实时变化数据,并统计分析各条件下的数据。研究结果表明:冷冻取芯技术的冷冻效果与煤变质程度及瓦斯吸附平衡压力呈正相关关系;冷冻取芯对含瓦斯煤冷冻效果优于不含瓦斯煤;冷冻取芯对高变质煤冷冻效果优于低变质煤;冷冻取芯过程中,煤样温度随时间变化曲线符合指数函数关系。     

MnO2/FeOOH复合材料对水中U(Ⅵ)的去除及机理试验研究

采用化学沉积法制备了二氧化锰/羟基氧化铁(MnO2/FeOOH)复合材料,并将其用于吸附去除水中的放射性重金属铀。通过静态吸附试验,考察了Fe/Mn物质的量比、pH值、吸附时间和干扰离子等因素对MnO2/FeOOH吸附U(Ⅵ)效果的影响,利用扫描电镜-能谱分析(SEM-EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、红外光谱(FT-IR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对材料结构和形貌进行表征,并分析其吸附机理。结果表明,在投加量为150 mg/L、温度为30℃、U(Ⅵ)初始质量浓度为10 mg/L、pH值为5、Fe/Mn物质的量比为1/2及吸附时间为120 min的条件下,MnO₂/FeOOH对U(Ⅵ)的去除率最大可达97.7%,且pH值对铀去除效果的影响最为明显。MnO₂/FeOOH对U(Ⅵ)吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型,吸附等温线均能符合Langmuir和Freundlich模型,且最大吸附容量达260.34 mg/g。干扰离子试验表明,SO₄^2-、CO₃^2-和Fe³⁺对MnO₂/FeOOH吸附U (VI)几乎没有影响,而Ca²⁺和Cu²⁺具有明显的抑制作用,且抑制随浓度的增大而增强。FTIR和XPS分析表明MnO2/FeOOH对U(Ⅵ)的主要作用机制为表面羟基、Mn-O与铀的配位作用。因此,MnO2/FeOOH可作为一种潜在的铀吸附材料。     

劣质原油加工过程中重金属污染控制方案

重金属污染是我国污染防控的难点和重点。随着劣质原油加工量的增加,劣质原油加工过程中重金属的环境影响正日益受到关注。根据加工过程中重金属的分布情况及所采用的加工工艺,对劣质原油加工过程中的重金属污染进行控制有重要意义。     

Nutrient distribution within and release from the contaminated sediment of Haihe River

We assessed nutrient characteristics, distributions and fractions within the disturbed and undisturbed sediments at four sampling sites within the mainstream of Haihe River. The river sediments contained mostly sand (> 60%). The fraction of clay was < 3%. Total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations ranged from 729 to 1922 mg/kg and from 692 to 1388 mg/kg, respectively. Nutrient concentrations within the sediments usually decreased with increasing depth. The TN and TP concentrations within the fine sand were higher than for that within silt. Sediment phosphorus fractions were between 2.99% and 3.37% Ex-P (exchangeable phosphorus), 7.89% and 13.71% Fe/Al-P (Fe, Al oxides bound phosphorus), 61.32% and 70.14% Ca-P (calcium-bound phosphorus), and 17.03% and 22.04% Org-P (organic phosphorus). Nitrogen and phosphorus release from sediment could lead to the presence of 21.02 mg N/L and 3.10 mg P/L within the water column. A river restoration project should address the sediment nutrient stock.     

Mercury removals by existing pollutants control devices of four coal-fired power plants in China

The mercury removals by existing pollution control devices in four coal-fired power plants of China were carried out based on a measurement method with the aluminum matrix sorbent.     

Autotrophic denitrification for nitrate and nitrite removal using sulfur-limestone

In the study, both nitrate and nitrite could be removed effectively using sulfur-limestone, and the bacteria involved in sulfur-based denitrification for nitrate and nitrite removal were of the same species.     

Catalytic oxidation of gas-phase elemental mercury by nano-Fe2O3

Heterogeneous oxidation of gas-phase Hg0 by nano-Fe2O3 was investigated on a fixed bed reactor, and the e ects of oxygen concentration, bed temperature, water vapour concentration and particle size have been discussed. The results showed that Hg0 could be oxidized by active oxygen atom on the surface of nano-Fe2O3 as well as lattice oxygen in nano-Fe2O3. Among the factors that a ect Hg0 oxidation by nano-Fe2O3, bed temperature plays an important role. More than 40% of total mercury was oxidized at 300°C, however, the test temperature at 400°C could cause sintering of nano-catalyst, which led to a lower e ciency of Hg0 oxidation. The increase of oxygen concentration could promote mercury oxidation and led to higher Hg0 oxidation e ciency. No obvious mercury oxidation was detected in the pure N2 atmosphere, which indicates that oxygen is required in the gas stream for mercury oxidation. The presence of water vapour showed di erent e ects on mercury oxidation depending on its concentration. The lower content of water vapour could promote mercury oxidation, while the higher content of water vapour inhibits mercury oxidation.     

Estimation and comparison of night-time OH levels in the UK urban atmosphere using two di erent analysis methods

Night-time OH levels have been determined for UK urban surface environments using two methods, the decay and steady state approximation methods. Measurement data from the UK National Environmental Technology Centre archive for four urban sites (Bristol, Harwell, London Eltham and Edinburgh) over the time period of 1996 to 2000 have been used in this study. Three reactive alkenes, namely isoprene, 1,3-butadiene and trans-2-pentene were chosen for the calculation of OH levels by the decay method. Hourly measurements of NO, NO2, O3, CO and 20 VOCs were used to determine night-time OH level using the steady state approximation method. Our results showed that the night-time OH levels were in the range of 1 105–1 106 molecules/cm3 at these four urban sites in the UK. The application of a t-test of these analyses indicated that except Bristol, there was no significant di erence between the OH levels found from the decay and steady state approximation methods. Night-time levels of the OH radical appeared to peak in summer and spring time tracking the night-time O3 levels which also passed through a maximum at this time.     

Millennial mercury records derived from ornithogenic sediment on Dongdao Island, South China Sea

Two ornithogenic sediment cores, which have a time span of 1000 years and are influenced by red-footed booby (Sula sula), were collected from Dongdao Islands, South China Sea. The determined mercury concentrations of the two cores show similar and substantial fluctuations during the past millennium, and the fluctuations are most likely caused by the changes in mercury level of the ocean environment and in anthropogenic Hg emission. For the past 500 years, the mercury concentration in the red-footed booby excrement has a striking association with global anthropogenic mercury emission. The mercury concentration increased rapidly after AD 1600 in corresponding to beginning of the unparalleled gold and silver mining in South Central America that left a large volume of anthropogenic mercury pollution. Since the Industrial Revolution, the mercury level has increased at a fast pace, very likely caused by modern coal combustion, chlor-alkali and oil refining industries. The comparison of mercury profiles from different places on earth suggested that anthropogenic mercury pollution after the Industrial Revolution is more severe in Northern Hemisphere than in Antarctica.