Estimation and comparison of night-time OH levels in the UK urban atmosphere using two di erent analysis methods

Night-time OH levels have been determined for UK urban surface environments using two methods, the decay and steady state approximation methods. Measurement data from the UK National Environmental Technology Centre archive for four urban sites (Bristol, Harwell, London Eltham and Edinburgh) over the time period of 1996 to 2000 have been used in this study. Three reactive alkenes, namely isoprene, 1,3-butadiene and trans-2-pentene were chosen for the calculation of OH levels by the decay method. Hourly measurements of NO, NO2, O3, CO and 20 VOCs were used to determine night-time OH level using the steady state approximation method. Our results showed that the night-time OH levels were in the range of 1 105–1 106 molecules/cm3 at these four urban sites in the UK. The application of a t-test of these analyses indicated that except Bristol, there was no significant di erence between the OH levels found from the decay and steady state approximation methods. Night-time levels of the OH radical appeared to peak in summer and spring time tracking the night-time O3 levels which also passed through a maximum at this time.     

Millennial mercury records derived from ornithogenic sediment on Dongdao Island, South China Sea

Two ornithogenic sediment cores, which have a time span of 1000 years and are influenced by red-footed booby (Sula sula), were collected from Dongdao Islands, South China Sea. The determined mercury concentrations of the two cores show similar and substantial fluctuations during the past millennium, and the fluctuations are most likely caused by the changes in mercury level of the ocean environment and in anthropogenic Hg emission. For the past 500 years, the mercury concentration in the red-footed booby excrement has a striking association with global anthropogenic mercury emission. The mercury concentration increased rapidly after AD 1600 in corresponding to beginning of the unparalleled gold and silver mining in South Central America that left a large volume of anthropogenic mercury pollution. Since the Industrial Revolution, the mercury level has increased at a fast pace, very likely caused by modern coal combustion, chlor-alkali and oil refining industries. The comparison of mercury profiles from different places on earth suggested that anthropogenic mercury pollution after the Industrial Revolution is more severe in Northern Hemisphere than in Antarctica.     

Multivariate analysis of surface water quality in the Three Gorges area of China and implications for water management

Multivariate statistical techniques, cluster analysis, non-parametric tests, and factor analysis were applied to analyze a water quality dataset including 13 parameters at 37 sites of the Three Gorges area, China, from 2003–2008 to investigate spatio-temporal variations and identify potential pollution sources. Using cluster analysis, the twelve months of the year were classified into three periods of lowflow (LF), normal-flow (NF), and high-flow (HF); and the 37 monitoring sites were divided into low pollution (LP), moderate pollution (MP), and high pollution (HP). Dissolved oxygen (DO), potassium permanganate index (CODMn), and ammonia-nitrogen (NH4 +-N) were identified as significant variables affecting temporal and spatial variations by non-parametric tests. Factor analysis identified that the major pollutants in the HP region were organic matters and nutrients during NF, heavy metals during LF, and petroleum during HF. In the MP region, the identified pollutants primarily included organic matter and heavy metals year-around, while in the LP region, organic pollution was significant during both NF and HF, and nutrient and heavy metal levels were high during both LF and HF. The main sources of pollution came from domestic wastewater and agricultural activities and runoff; however, they contributed differently to each region in regards to pollution levels. For the HP region, inputs from wastewater treatment plants were significant; but for MP and LP regions, water pollution was more likely from the combined effects of agriculture, domestic wastewater, and chemical industry. These results provide fundamental information for developing better water pollution control strategies for the Three Gorges area.     

碱渣对土壤中镉有效性的影响

用盆栽试验研究碱渣及其用量对小白菜(Brassica chinesis)产量、镉吸收量,土壤pH及有效态镉含量的影响,以期为碱渣的利用提供新的途径。结果表明:碱渣对小白菜生长有促进作用,用量3 g/kg时增产效果最佳,与对照相比,增加了48.1%,继续增加用量小白菜产量增加幅度降低;施用碱渣显著提高土壤pH,且pH与施用量呈显著正相关(R=0.792,P<0.05)关系,但土壤有效态镉含量随着碱渣用量的增加呈递增趋势,与对照处理相比,用量为6 g/kg时增加22.0%,达显著水平;碱渣促进根系对镉吸收累积,与对照相比,碱渣处理根系镉含量增加了29.7%~61.0%,达显著水平,并有增加小白菜地上部镉含量的趋势。这说明碱渣能提高土壤镉有效性,促进植物对镉吸收,可用来强化镉污染土壤的植物修复。     

土壤中矿物油含量测定方法的研究

重点介绍了以四氯化碳为萃取剂,利用超声波清洗仪萃取土壤中的油类物质,红外分光光度法测定土壤中的矿物油含量的方法。实验表明此方法具有良好的线性关系,相关系数可达0．9999。方法检出限为0．50mg／kg。平行样品间分析、试剂空白加标与基体加标回收率均能满足样品分析对精密度和准确度的要求。     

可可西里地区BDQ钻孔岩心粒度特征、TOC及其古气候环境意义

BDQ0608钻孔位于可可西里地区东缘,受人类活动影响较小,较为完整的记录了湖泊的自然演化过程,文章通过对岩心粒度、古地磁及总有机碳含量的详细计算与分析,重建了过去8758Ka以来的古气候及古环境演化过程。BDQ0608钻孔岩心的黏土含量主要分布在15—60％之间,粉砂含量主要分布在30-70％之间,砂含量主要分布在0—20％之间。粒度参数采用矩值法计算求得,标准偏差为0．87—2．69,偏度为-1．2-4．4,峰度为0．92—16．43。粒度频率分布曲线存在1、4-10、30—80μm以及200μm左右的众数粒径。其中以4-10以及30-80μm的众数粒径为主体的沉积物,分别指示了深水湖心相和半深水（或较浅水）过渡相两种沉积环境,200μm左右的众数粒径为主体的沉积物则指示了极浅水的滨湖相沉积环境。结合TOC指标对沉积物沉积特征进行分析,我们认为该区域经历了四次较大的气候环境变化过程：875．8kaBP-608．7kaBP,湖泊水位高低变化较大,TOC变化明显．表现为暖湿与冷干交替的气候变化特征;608．7kaBP-366．5kaBP,湖泊长时间处于较为稳定的沉积环境,TOC逐渐降低,表现为由暖湿向冷湿转变的气候变化特征;366．5kaBP-29．2kaBP,表现为暖湿与冷干相交替的变化的气候特征;29．2kaBP-0kaBP,湖泊水位极低,表现为极其干冷的气候变化特征．     

某铀矿井氡析出量与排氡通风量的估算

在铀矿井中,氡及其子体对工作人员的危害极大,而通风降氡可为井下工作人员创造一个良好的工作环境,确保井下工人的安全和健康.本文根据某铀矿采场中氡的来源,分别探讨了矿体和围岩暴露表面、爆落矿石和地下水的氡析出量的具体估算方法,并估算出排氡及其子体所需风量,取通风量较大者为采场需风量,通过所得采场需风量计算出采场中氡浓度及其...     

铜矿尾矿库无土修复植物营养元素含量特征

分析了安徽铜陵冬瓜山铜矿杨山冲尾矿库10种无土修复植物中10种营养元素含量特征。结果表明：平均含量大于1000μg·g^-1的元素有7个,含量从太到小顺序为Ca〉N〉S〉K〉Fe〉Mg〉P;平均含量为100μg·g^-1～1000μg·g^-1。的元素有3个,含量从大到小的顺序为Na〉Si〉Mn。营养元素含量的变异系数...     

废水处置新举措

所谓海洋“死亡地带”,是指由缺氧导致的几乎所有形式的海洋生命都消亡的沿海水域。近几十年来,这一“死亡地带”的数量和范围都呈上升趋势,这将对商业渔业、自给自足渔业、娱乐渔业和人类健康带来更大威胁。地面径流中较高的磷含量主要来自农业化肥,磷被认为是形成这一死亡地带的主要原因之一。     

PBS基共聚物对蚯蚓体内蛋白质含量的影响研究

采用人工土壤法,以蚯蚓体内蛋白质含量的变化为指标,研究了不同分子量可生物降解材料聚丁二酸丁二醇酯/聚己内酯(PBS-co-PCL)共聚物对蚯蚓的急性毒性。研究结果表明:数均分子量为8.0×103和1.6×104实验中,蚯蚓蛋白质均表现出随PBS-co-PCL含量的增大而减小的趋势,但最终蛋白质含量与空白实验基本一致;数均分子量为2.8×104的PBS-co-PCL对蚯蚓的影响比较小,不随共聚物含量的增加而变化,与空白实验基本保持相同水平。以上结果表明:不同分子量PBS-co-PCL对蚯蚓体内蛋白质含量的影响不大,对蚯蚓是安全的。