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131.
Background, Aim and Scope
Due to their large potential for manifold applications, the use of nanoparticles is of increasing importance. As large amounts
of nanoparticles may reach the environment voluntarily or by accident, attention should be paid on the potential impacts on
the environment. First studies on potential environmental effects of photocatalytic TiO2 nanoparticles have been performed
on the basis of widely accepted, standardized test systems which originally had been developed for the characterization of
chemicals. The methods were adapted to the special requirements of testing photocatalytic nanoparticles.
Materials and Methods:
Suspensions of two different nanoparticles were illuminated to induce their photocatalytic activity. For testing, the growth
inhibition test with the green alga Desmodesmus subspicatus and the immobilization test with the daphnid Daphnia magna were
selected and performed following the relevant guidelines (algae: ISO 8692, OECD 201, DIN 38412-33; daphnids: ISO 6341, OECD
202, DIN 38412-30). The guidelines were adapted to meet the special requirements for testing photocatalytic nanoparticles.
Results:
The results indicate that it is principally possible to determine the ecotoxicity of nanoparticles. It was shown that nanoparticles
may have ecotoxicological effects which depend on the nature of the particles. Both products tested differ in their toxicity.
Product 1 shows a clear concentration-effect curve in the test with algae (EC50: 44 mg/L). It could be proven that the observed
toxicity was not caused by accompanying contaminants, since the toxic effect was comparable for the cleaned and the commercially
available product. For product 2, no toxic effects were determined (maximum concentration: 50 mg/L). In the tests with daphnids,
toxicity was observed for both products, although the concentration effect-curves were less pronounced. The two products differed
in their toxicity; moreover, there was a difference in the toxicity of illuminated and non-illuminated products.
Discussion:
Both products differ in size and crystalline form, so that these parameters are assumed to contribute to the different toxicities.
The concentration-effect curves for daphnids, which are less-pronounced than the curves obtained for algae, may be due to
the different test organisms and/or the differing test designs. The increased toxicity of pre-illuminated particles in the
tests with daphnids demonstrates that the photocatalytic activity of nanoparticles lasts for a period of time.
Conclusions:
The following conclusions can be drawn from the test results: (I) It is principally possible to determine the ecotoxicity
of (photocatalytic) nanoparticles. Therefore, they can be assessed using methods comparable to the procedures applied for
assessing soluble chemicals. - (II) Nanoparticles may exert ecotoxicological effects, which depend on the specific nanoparticle.
- (III) Comparable to traditional chemicals, the ecotoxicity depends on the test organisms and their physiology. - (IV) The
photocatalytic activity of nanoparticles lasts for a relevant period of time. Therefore, pre-illumination may be sufficient
to detect a photocatalytic activity even by using test organisms which are not suitable for application in the pre-illumination-phase.
Recommendations and Perspectives:
First results are presented which indicate that the topic 'ecotoxicity and environmental effects of nanoparticles' should
not be neglected. In testing photocatalytic nanoparticles, there are still many topics that need clarification or improvement,
such as the cause for an observed toxicity, the improvement of the test design, the elaboration of a test battery and an assessment
strategy.
On the basis of optimized test systems, it will be possible to test nanoparticles systematically. If a potential risk by specific
photocatalytic particles is known, a risk-benefit analysis can be performed and, if required, risk reducing measures can be
taken. 相似文献
132.
贵州喀斯特地区旅游资源的变异与可持续利用 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
殷红梅 《中国人口.资源与环境》1999,9(2):68-72
喀斯特景观与民族文化是不可再生的旅游资源,其开发在促进喀斯特地区经济、文化发展的同时,也加剧了环境的损耗和地方特色的消失,旅游资源变异现象普遍发生。文中分析了资源变异的几种情况,并指出控制资源变异,实现可持续利用的途径 相似文献
133.
重庆金佛山岩溶区不同植被条件下土壤-植被系统CO2浓度日变化 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
对重庆金佛山典型岩溶区林地、裸地表层岩溶生态系统CO2浓度进行短时间尺度变化的野外观测结果表明,林地与裸地不同深处土温变化幅度由地表向土壤深部逐步降低,裸地地表温度和不同深度土温波动幅度均较林地大.林地与裸地各层次土壤CO2浓度变化与土温呈较好的相关关系.林地各层土壤CO2浓度波动微弱,变幅小于裸地.林地与裸地土层中CO2浓度随土层深度增加而增高.植被各层的温度和温度变化幅度从大到小依次为林层、灌层和草层.林层温度最大值滞后于气温约3 h. 相似文献
134.
用批量平衡法研究了单甲脒农药在三种水体悬浮颗粒物上的吸附规律,所得数据进行回分析后,发现吸附规律符合Freundilich方程,并且在悬浮颗粒物上的吸附能力随着颗粒物中有机碳含量的增加而稍有减少。 相似文献
135.
太阳能光催化降解法去除水中罗丹明染料的研究 总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16
在太阳光的紫外线辐射下,应用载有TiO2薄层的平板式光催化反应器,进行了光催化降解法去除水中罗丹明染料的试验,结果表明,当紫外线辐射强度平均为33W/m^2,反应时间为18min时,水中罗丹明染料浓度由10mg/L降至0.01mg/L,在室国家排放标准,探讨了太阳能光催化反应系统的改进方向及工业化应用的有关问题。 相似文献
136.
137.
Urs Baumann Hanspeter Indermaur und Ernst Pletscher 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》2000,12(2):63-67
Zusammenfassung Zur ?kotoxikologischen Beurteilung von belastetem Wasser werden h?ufig einfache Biotests eingesetzt. Nicht selten werden dabei
toxische Effekte festgestellt. Es stellt sich dann die Frage nach den verantwortlichen Wasserinhalts-stoffen. Durch Festphasenextraktion
(SPE) werden diese angereichert, gewonnen und dünnschichtchromatographisch unter Verwendung der automatisierten Mehrfachentwicklung
aufgetrennt. Von der DC-Platte wird ein Streifen abgetrennt und darauf direkt die biologische Detektion mit Mikroorganismen
(Bacillus subtilis, Leuchtbakterien) durchgeführt. Dadurch k?nnen toxische Banden erkannt werden, Auf dem DC-Plattenrest wird von der toxischen
Bande mit einem DC-scanner ein UV-Spektrum aufgenommen, die entsprechende Bande herausgekratzt, der toxische Stoff eluiert
und infrarotspektroskopisch untersucht. Durch Spektrenvergleich gelingt es meistens, den Stoff zu charakterisieren.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird am Beispiel eines Zitzengummieluates das Analysenkonzept vorgestelit. Es zeigte sich, dass
dieser Gummiartikel einen Vulkanisationsbeschleuniger (2-Mercaptobenzothiazol) freisetzt.
Online-Publikation am: 21.12.1999 相似文献
138.
Kurt E. Richardson Nelson A. Cox Doug E. Cosby Mark E. Berrang Nicole L. Holcombe Cheryl E. Weller 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2019,54(4):313-316
The pH of Salmonella pre-enrichment media can become acidic (pH 4.0–5.0) when feeds/ingredients are incubated for 24?h. Salmonella in feed that have been stressed by heat and desiccation exhibit different pH tolerances than non-stressed cultures. Acidic conditions can result in cell injury/death and affect biochemical pathways. In this study, eight serotypes of Salmonella were grown in sterile meat and bone meal that was subjected to desiccation and heat stress. Cultures of non-stressed and stressed isolates were subsequently exposed to acidic pH from 4.0 to 7.0 in 0.5?pH increments (3 replicates/pH increment) in citrate buffer. At 6 and 24?h, serial dilutions were plated in duplicate on XLT-4 (xylose lysine tergitol-4) agar. Four serotypes showed an impaired ability to decarboxylate lysine on XLT-4. This inability to decarboxylate lysine was dependent on isolate, stress status, and incubation time. When the isolates’ ability to decarboxylate lysine was examined using biochemical tests, cultures were found to be able to decarboxylate lysine with the exception of S. Infantis. This suggests that XLT-4 contains a biochemical stressor(s) which affects the rate of decarboxylation by these Salmonella. These results suggest that acidic conditions may influence the detection and confirmation of Salmonella in feed. 相似文献
139.
Siyuan Bi Zhanrui Huang Fanghong Nie Xiaobo Wang Lijun Sun 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2019,54(5):416-423
T-2 toxin (T-2), one of the naturally occurring mycotoxins, often accumulates in aquatic animals from contaminated feed. Shrimp (n?=?30 per group) were fed with different concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.5, 4.5 and 13.5?mg kg?1) of T-2 for 20?days. Changes in histopathology, fatty acid and water distribution of shrimp muscle were analyzed. Histopathology of shrimp muscle showed dose-dependent marked degenerative and necrotic changes on exposure to dietary T-2. The T-2 significantly (P?<?0.05) affected the muscle fatty acid composition. ∑SFA, ∑MUFA and ∑PUFA initially decreased and then increased slowly in the high-dosed groups. C16:0, C18:1n-9 and C18:2n-6 were the main saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), respectively. Also, T-2 significantly affected water distribution in shrimp muscle. High doses of T-2 reduced free water content, resulting in a reduction in the water holding capacity and hence changes to the shrimp muscle quality. Collectively, these results illustrated that T-2 significantly affects the fatty acid and water distribution, and also muscle histopathology, all of which would result in a reduction in the quality and nutritional value of shrimp. 相似文献
140.
在湖北农村 10个地点 ,利用澳大利亚集雨器自 1996年 1月至 1998年 6月 ,按季度采集大气降水样品测定SO2 - 4浓度 ,并对数据进行统计分析。研究结果表明 ,各地 1997年降水中SO2 - 4浓度年均值比 1996年显著升高 ;大多数地点 1996、1997、1998年 1季度和 2季度降水中SO2 - 4浓度呈逐年升高趋势 ;大多数地点每年 1、4季度降水中SO2 - 4浓度高 ,2、3季度降水中SO2 - 4浓度低 ,说明湖北农村降水中的硫对秋冬作物影响比对春夏作物影响大 ;湖北农村降水中SO2 - 4浓度近两年不仅有时间变化规律 ,而且同一季度内的地区差异也很明显 ,在 1996年和 1997年 8个季度 10个点的降水SO2 - 4浓度最大值中 ,有 4个最大值出现在襄樊 ,它是目前湖北继宜昌市区、恩施市区之后又一个酸雨发展较快的地区 相似文献