Mapping eucalypt forest susceptible to dieback associated with bell miners (Manorina melanophys) using laser scanning, SPOT 5 and ancillary topographical data

Mapping the location and extent of forest at risk from damaging agents or processes assists forest managers in prioritizing their planning and operational mitigation activities. In Australia, Bell Miner Associated Dieback (BMAD) refers to a form of canopy decline observed in eucalypt crowns occupied by colonies of bell miners (Manorina melanophrys). High densities of bell miners are associated with decreased avian abundance and diversity and an increase in psyllid abundance on crown foliage. BMAD has recently been nominated as a key threatening process in New South Wales (NSW). Consequently, a modelling system for predicting bell miner distribution in coastal eucalypt forests of NSW has been developed. The presence or absence of bell miners was recorded in 130 plots located within a 12,800 ha catchment study area containing a range of eucalypt forest types. The modelling system was produced by integrating a machine learning software suite (WEKA), and the statistical software R within the geographic resources analysis support system (GRASS) geographical information system (GIS). The variable modelled was the binary variable: presence or absence of bell minors. Six modelling techniques (Logistic regression; generalised additive models; two tree-based ensemble classification algorithms, random forest and Adaboost and Neural Networks) were integrated with airborne laser scanning; SPOT 5 and topographic derived variables. Model evaluation and parameter selection were measured by three threshold dependent measures (sensitivity, specificity and kappa) and the threshold independent Receiver Operator Curve (ROC) analysis. The final presence and absence maps were obtained through maximisation of the kappa statistic and applied at a resolution of 10 m across the entire catchment study area. For this data set, the most accurate algorithm for predicting the distribution of bell miner colonies was random forest (kappa = 0.84; ROC area under curve = 0.97). Variables most commonly selected in the six models were the laser scanning metrics; coefficient of variation, skewness, and the 10th and 90th percentiles derived from the shape of the height frequency distribution which, in turn, is directly influenced by vertical structure of the forest. An image textural statistic based on the shortwave infrared (SWIR) band of SPOT 5 was also commonly selected by the models. The SWIR band is sensitive to vegetation and soil moisture content. These models predicted that forest stands with a sparse eucalypt canopy over a moist, dense understorey were susceptible to being colonised by bell miners and hence BMAD.     

提高平菇深层培养木质素降解酶活性和对直接湖蓝5B脱色率的探索性研究

以稻草为主要营养基质对平菇进行深层培养,研究了不同浓度(100、200、400、600、800 mg·L-1)直接湖蓝5B对平菇菌丝体产量的影响,以及平菇对不同浓度(100、150、200、250、300、400 mg·L-1)直接湖蓝5B的脱色率.此外,还研究了平菇分别与3种酵母菌(酿酒酵母、产朊假丝酵母和热带假丝酵母)混菌培养及用不同浓度(50、100、200、300、400 mg·L-1)直接湖蓝5B预适应培养的平菇菌种对木质素降解酶活性和直接湖蓝5B脱色率的影响.结果表明:100~400 mg·L-1的直接湖蓝5B均可显著提高了平菇菌丝体产量,而800 mg·L-1的染料对菌丝体的生长有显著抑制作用;染料浓度越高,平菇对其的脱色率越低,发酵时间越长,脱色效果越好.与平菇单菌发酵相比,平菇分别与酿酒酵母和产朊假丝酵母混菌培养可显著提高发酵体系漆酶的活性,平菇分别与所试3种酵母菌混菌培养时锰过氧化物酶活性均有显著增加,与产朊假丝酵母混菌培养时两种酶活性的增加量最大;用50、100、200 mg·L-1直接湖蓝5B预适应培养的菌种接种可显著提高平菇分泌的漆酶的活性,而50mg·L-1和100 mg·L-1的则显著提高锰过氧化物酶的活性.平菇分别与所试3种酵母混菌培养,以及用50 mg·L-1和100 mg·L-1直接湖蓝5B预培养的平菇菌种接种,发酵体系对直接湖蓝5B的脱色效果有显著促进作用,其中,平菇与产朊假丝酵母混菌培养时脱色率最高,达96.3%.通过比较直接湖蓝5B脱色率与漆酶、锰过氧化物酶活性之间的关系可以看出,漆酶、锰过氧化物酶活性与脱色率间基本呈正相关关系.     

Analysis of meteorological parameters for dense gas dispersion using mesoscale models

The current study focuses on characterizing the atmospheric details required for dense gas dispersion analysis resulting from release of cryogenic liquids like LNG. The study investigates the effectiveness of coupling the prognostic MM5 mesoscale model with the CALMET diagnostic model for producing meteorological conditions that is characteristic of dry and arid regions like Qatar, with non-neutral boundary conditions. MM5-CALMET wind fields and temperature data are compared with the meteorological field observations from the Doha International Airport (DIA) on a monthly basis, daily basis and hourly basis to study the effect of different averaging periods. The monthly averages replicate the annual patterns of meteorological parameters very well. However difference in observation and model are observed for wind speed and wind direction variable. The daily averages obtained from the model are in good agreement with the observation for wind speed and temperature. For hourly averaging, the model is found capable of mimicking the temperature of a given location, but not wind speed and direction. The prediction of wind direction parameter using MM5-CALMET is moderate for any averaging period. The sub-optimal performance of wind direction variable is attributed to grid resolution of vertical and horizontal layers of MM5-CALMET model. Additionally a case study is performed to illustrate the effect of variation of meteorological parameters on the lower flammability limits (LFL) resulting from flammable dense gas release of LNG. The case study demonstrates the issues that arise in a risk analysis study when “wrong” meteorological data could be used. The overall study indicates that utilizing the coarsest prognostic meteorological model output in a diagnostic model provides an effective option for generating meteorological inputs for dispersion studies.     

Promotional effect of Si-doped V2O5/TiO2 for selective catalytic reduction of NOx by NH3

TiO2 supports doped with different amounts of Si were prepared by a sol-gel method, and 1 wt% vanadia (V2O5) loaded on Si-doped TiO2 was obtained by an impregnation method. The mole ratio of Si/Ti was 0.2, NOx conversion exceeds 94% at 300℃ and GHSV of 41,324 hr-1 , which is about 20% higher than pure V2O5/TiO2 . The catalysts were characterized by XRD, BET, TEM, FT-IR, NH3-TPD, XPS, H2-TPR, Raman and in situ DRIFTS. The results of FT-IR and XPS indicated that Si was doped into the TiO2 lattice successfully and a solid solution was obtained. V2O5 active component could be dispersed well on the support with the increasing of surface area of the catalyst, which was confirmed by Raman and XRD results. Above all, the numbers of acid sites (especially the Br nsted-acid) and oxidation properties were enhanced for Si-doped V2O5/TiO2 catalysts, which improved the deNOx catalytic activity.     

壬基酚和辛基酚暴露的生物标志物——尿液5-HT

为了探讨壬基酚和辛基酚对大鼠体内(5-HT)代谢的影响,为壬基酚和辛基酚暴露标志物的鉴定提供依据.选取健康雄性Sprague Dawley大鼠35只,随机分为对照组,壬基酚、辛基酚及其联合染毒低剂量组(50 mg·kg-1·d-1),壬基酚、辛基酚及其联合染毒高剂量组(150 mg·kg-1·d-1),每组5只,连续7d灌胃染毒,建立染毒动物模型.灌胃次日,利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测各组大鼠尿液中5-羟色胺(5-HT)含量.结果表明,染毒组大鼠尿液中5-HT浓度均显著高于正常对照组(p＜0.01);高剂量染毒组大鼠尿液中5-HT浓度均显著高于其低剂量染毒组(p＜0.01);染毒第7天大鼠尿液中5-HT浓度均显著高于其染毒第3天(p＜0 01)尿液中5-HT浓度随染毒剂量和染毒时间的增加而升高,有剂量-毒性效应和时间-毒性效应关系;尿液5-HT可作为评估壬基酚和辛基酚暴露的潜在生物标志物,应用于大规模人群暴露风险的监测.     

Z-scheme V2O5-Ag2O/g-C3N4异质结制备及其可见光催化性能

采用原位生长法制备V₂O₅,并将其与Ag₂O/g-C₃N₄水热复合制备V₂O₅-Ag₂O/g-C₃N₄复合光催化剂.利用XRD、FT-IR、SEM和UV-Vis DRS等方法对样品的形貌结构及光学性质进行表征.结果表明,V₂O₅成功掺杂在Ag₂O/g-C₃N₄上,与Ag₂O/g-C₃N₄相比,复合材料对可见光的吸收范围增大;在可见光照射180min后,V₂O₅掺杂量为15%的复合材料对亚甲基蓝(MB)的降解率达到99.10%.经过3次循环降解后,复合材料对MB的降解率保持85%以上,表明其具有良好的稳定性.通过掩蔽实验推测,空穴(h⁺)是光催化体系中主要的活性物质,其光催化性能增强的机理是Ag₂O与g-C₃N₄复合界面形成p-n异质结,并与V₂O₅之间的复合过程符合Z-scheme可见光驱动机制,有效阻碍了光生电子-空穴对的复合,促进活性物质的产生.     

5G对中国碳排放峰值的影响研究

基于目前5G技术的发展情况,利用holt指数平滑法和动态分析法预测了未来20年5G基站产生的直接碳排放量.根据预测模型,5G基站建设会在2038年左右达到饱和状态,数量约为1434万个.考虑到5G技术的发展推动其他产业发展可能导致的碳排放量变化,利用投入产出法和灰度时间预测法等方法评估了5G技术引起的各行业间接碳排放量.结果显示,5G基站处于低负载（30%负载）情况下,能在2038年碳排放达峰时年产生142.61Mt的直接碳排放;而如果满负荷运行,则能在2038年碳排放达峰时产生196.26Mt的直接碳排放,基于中国两种不同碳排放达峰情景,综合分析了5G技术导致的直接和间接碳排放对中国碳排放达峰时间和碳排放峰值的影响,最后对预测结果进行了稳健性检验.研究发现,实际GDP情况情景下5G技术对于社会各行业的碳排放影响在2030年达到峰值,约为255.96Mt.并且,2030年前5G技术发展对社会总体碳排放增量以间接碳排放为主,2030年后对社会碳排放增量以直接碳排放为主;综合考虑下5G技术的发展会导致中国碳排放达峰时间推后至少2年,相应的碳排放峰值至少提高了383.96Mt.若中国政府要削减5G导致的额外碳排放,完成二氧化碳总量控制,需要降低基站能耗水平,控制基站数量,避免重复建设导致5G基站低负荷运行.     

碱氨蚀刻废液处理方法研究

论述了碱氨蚀刻废液处理方法的试验研究．研究包括碱法回收氢氧化铜，酸法回收胆矾和电解法回收金属铜等三种方法．     

Estimate of sea loading by pollutants originating from the littoral counties in the Republic of Croatia

The paper reviews the data of 10 yr of following up sewage (waste water) inflows of anthropological origin into the sea from all the coastal settlements in Croatia. In particular, we report the sea loading by biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), expressed by the inhabitant equivalent (I.E.), for seven littoral counties. We estimated the loading of a coastal sea area for each county separately. The objective was to avoid any over- or underestimation of amounts and significance of sewage inflows into the seawater. For this purpose, a precisely determined sea volume up to the 10 m isobath has been chosen. Because of the inadequate treatment of wastewater, the total loading of that maritime territory expressed in terms of i.e. was found to be 26% higher than expected from the actual number of inhabitants. However, daily input represents only 12‰ of the considered volume of the sea. Recipient spent only 0.7% of the disposable oxygen quantity in the sea.